Editing Marine mammal (section)

=====Cetaceans=====
[[File:2009-Seaworld-Shamu.jpg|thumb|Performing killer whale at [[SeaWorld San Diego]], 2009|alt=A killer whale with a collapsed dorsal fin breaching out of a pool in front of an audience in stands]]
Various species of dolphins are kept in captivity. These small cetaceans are more often than not kept in theme parks and [[dolphinarium]]s, such as [[SeaWorld]]. [[Bottlenose dolphin]]s are the most common species of dolphin kept in dolphinariums as they are relatively easy to train and have a long lifespan in captivity. Hundreds of bottlenose dolphins live in captivity across the world, though exact numbers are hard to determine.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.humanesociety.org/sites/default/files/docs/case-against-marine-captivity.pdf|first1=Naomi|last1=Rose|first2=E. C. M.|last2=Parsons|first3=Richard|last3=Farinato|title=The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity|edition=4th|publisher=Humane Society of the United States|pages=13, 42, 43, 59|access-date=2019-03-18|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803173525/https://www.humanesociety.org/sites/default/files/docs/case-against-marine-captivity.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The dolphin "smile" makes them popular attractions, as this is a welcoming [[facial expression]] in humans; however, the smile is due to a lack of facial muscles and subsequent lack of facial expressions.<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=tGunrZU6AyEC|page=17}}|first=Thomas|last=White|year=2007|title=In Defense of Dolphins: The New Moral Frontier|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|page=17|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4051-5779-7|oclc=122974162}}</ref>

Organizations such as [[World Animal Protection]] and the [[Whale and Dolphin Conservation]] campaign against the practice of keeping cetaceans, particularly killer whales, in captivity. In captivity, they often develop pathologies, such as the dorsal fin collapse seen in 60–90% of male killer whales. Captives have vastly reduced life expectancies, on average only living into their twenties. In the wild, females who survive infancy live 46 years on average, and up to 70–80 years in rare cases. Wild males who survive infancy live 31 years on average, and up to 50–60 years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rose, N. A.|year=2011|url=http://www.hsi.org/assets/pdfs/orca_white_paper.pdf|title=Killer Controversy: Why Orcas Should No Longer Be Kept in Captivity|publisher=Humane Society International and the Humane Society of the United States|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Captivity usually bears little resemblance to wild habitat, and captive whales' social groups are foreign to those found in the wild. Captive life is also stressful due to the requirement to perform circus tricks that are not part of wild killer whale behavior, as well as restricting pool size. Wild killer whales may travel up to {{convert|100|mi}} in a day, and critics say the animals are too big and intelligent to be suitable for captivity.<ref name=cbs2010>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/whale-attack-renews-captive-animal-debate/|title=Whale Attack Renews Captive Animal Debate|newspaper=CBS News|date=March 1, 2010|access-date=6 September 2015|archive-date=4 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155727/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/03/01/national/main6255297.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Captives occasionally act aggressively towards themselves, their tankmates, or humans, which critics say is a result of [[stress (medicine)|stress]].<ref name="armstrong">{{cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Susan Jean |title=Animal Ethics Reader |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-27589-7 |oclc=51818774}}</ref> Dolphins are often trained to do several [[anthropomorphic]] behaviors, including waving and kissing—behaviors wild dolphins would rarely do.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/827/1/Wilkes_Output_3.pdf|title=Swimming with captive dolphins: current debates and post-experience dissonance|first1= Susanna|last1=Curtin|first2=Keith|last2=Wilkes|year=2007|journal=International Journal of Tourism Research|volume=9|issue=2|pages=131–146|doi=10.1002/jtr.599}}</ref>