Editing Manchu people (section)

===Names and naming practices===
====Family names====
{{main|Manchu family name}}
[[File:《八旗满洲氏族通谱》满文版书影.jpg|thumb|upright|the cover of the Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans' Book]]
The history of Manchu family names is quite long. Fundamentally, it succeeds the Jurchen family name of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]].<ref name=jin2009/>{{rp|109}} However, after the Mongols extinguished the Jin dynasty, the Manchus started to adopt Mongol culture, including their custom of using only their given name until the end of the Qing dynasty,<ref name=jin2009/>{{rp|107}} a practice confounding non-Manchus, leading them to conclude, erroneously, that they simply do not have family names.<ref name=aisingioro2004/>{{rp|969}}

A Manchu family name usually has two portions: the first is "Mukūn" ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠮᡠᡴᡡᠨ}}, Abkai: Mukvn) which literally means "branch name"; the second, "Hala" ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡥᠠᠯᠠ}}), represents the name of a person's clan.<ref name=aisingioro2004/>{{rp|973}} According to the ''Book of the Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans'' ({{lang|zh-hant|八旗滿洲氏族通譜}}), there are 1,114 Manchu family names. [[Gūwalgiya]], [[Niohuru]], [[Hešeri]], Šumulu, Tatara, Gioro, [[Nara (clan)|Nara]] are considered as "famous clans" ({{lang|zh|著姓}}) among Manchus.<ref>{{cite book |last = Hungjeo |script-title = zh:《八旗满洲氏族通谱》 |trans-title = Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans' Book |publisher = Liaohai Publishing House |year = 2002 |isbn = 978-7806691892 |url = http://book.douban.com/subject/1608412/|pages=31, 100, 115, 167, 181, 280}}</ref>

There were stories of Han migrating to the Jurchens and assimilating into Manchu Jurchen society and [[Nikan Wailan]] may have been an example of this.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi |url={{Google books|3nMzAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |journal=Late Imperial China |year=1989|publisher=Society for Qing Studies|page=70}}</ref> The Manchu Cuigiya ({{lang|zh|崔佳氏}}) clan claimed that a Han Chinese founded their clan.<ref>{{cite book|trans-title=The Qing Dynasty General Chronicle, Clan Lue, Manchu Eight Banners Surname|script-title=zh:清朝通志·氏族略·满洲八旗姓}}</ref> The Tohoro ({{lang|zh|托活络}}) clan ([[Duanfang]]'s clan) claimed Han Chinese origin.<ref name=TuanFang/><ref name="Rhoads2011 2">{{cite book|author=Edward J. M. Rhoads|title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928|url={{Google books|tgq1miGno-4C|plainurl=yes}}|year=2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80412-5|page=55}}</ref><ref name="Taveirne2004">{{cite book|author=Patrick Taveirne|title=Han-Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911|url={{Google books|z2japTNPRNAC|plainurl=yes}}|date=2004|publisher=Leuven University Press|isbn=978-90-5867-365-7|page=339}}</ref><ref name=crossley2000/>{{rp|48}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi |journal=Late Imperial China |url={{Google books|3nMzAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}}|year=1989|publisher=Society for Qing Studies|page=71}}</ref>

====Given names====
{{main|Manchu given name}}
Manchus given names are distinctive. Generally, there are several forms, such as bearing suffixes "-ngga", "-ngge" or "-nggo", meaning "having the quality of";<ref name=aisingioro2004/>{{rp|979}} bearing [[Mongolian name|Mongol style]] suffixes "-tai" or "-tu", meaning "having";<ref name=elliott2001/>{{rp|243}}<ref name=aisingioro2004/>{{rp|978}} bearing the suffix, "-ju", "-boo";<ref name=elliott2001/>{{rp|243}} numerals<ref name=elliott2001/>{{rp|243}}<ref name=aisingioro2004/>{{rp|978}}{{efn|e.g. Nadanju (70 in Manchu), Susai (5 in Manchu), Liošici(67, a Mandarin homophone) and Bašinu(85, a Mandarin homophone)<ref name=elliott2001/>{{rp|243}}}}} or animal names.<ref name=aisingioro2004/>{{rp|979}}<ref name=elliott2001/>{{rp|243}}{{efn|e.g. [[Dorgon]] (badger) and Arsalan (lion)<ref name=aisingioro2004/>{{rp|979}}}}}

Some ethnic names can also be a given name of the Manchus. One of the common first name for the Manchus is ''Nikan'', which is also a [[Manchu language|Manchu]] exonym for the [[Han Chinese]].<ref name=elliott2001/>{{rp|242}} For example, Nikan Wailan was a Jurchen leader who was an enemy of Nurhaci.<ref name=crossley2000/>{{rp|172}}<ref name=wakeman1986/>{{rp|49}}<ref name="Wakeman1977">{{cite book|author=Frederic Wakeman|title=Fall of Imperial China|url={{Google books|ORBmFSFcJKoC|plainurl=yes}}|date= 1977|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-02-933680-9|page=83}}</ref> Nikan was also the name of one of the Aisin-Gioro princes and grandsons of Nurhaci who supported Prince Dorgon.<ref name=rawski1998/>{{rp|99}}<ref name=wakeman1986/>{{rp|902}}<ref name="Lui1989">{{cite book|author=Adam Yuen-chung Lui|title=Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644–1660|url={{Google books|OtJwAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}}|date= 1989|publisher=Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University|isbn=978-0-7315-0654-5|pages=41, 46}}</ref> Nurhaci's first son was Cuyen, one of whose sons was Nikan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Serie orientale Roma|url={{Google books|CB08AAAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}}|year=1970|publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente|page=174}}</ref>

==== Current status ====
Nowadays, Manchus primarily use Chinese family and given names, but some still use a Manchu family name and Chinese given name,{{efn|e.g. {{ill|Aisin Gioro Qixiang|zh|爱新觉罗·启骧}}, a famous Chinese calligrapher.}} a Chinese family name and Manchu given name{{efn|e.g. Ying Batu, Ying Bayan, the sons of a famous Manchu director, [[Ying Da]].}} or both Manchu family and given names.{{efn|e.g. [[Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun]], a famous scholar of [[Khitan language|Khitan]] and Manchu linguistic studies.}}