Editing Macedonian language (section)

==Writing system==

===Alphabet===
{{Main|Macedonian alphabet|Macedonian braille}}
The official Macedonian alphabet was codified on 5 May 1945 by the Presidium of the Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (abbreviated as ASNOM in Macedonian) headed by [[Blaže Koneski]].<ref name="javno">{{cite web|url=http://javno.mk/reshenie-na-asnom-72-godini-od-usvojuvaneto-na-makedonskata-azbuka/|title=Со решение на АСНОМ: 72 години од усвојувањето на македонската азбука|trans-title=With the declaration of ASNOM: 72 years of the adoption of the Macedonian alphabet|work=Javno|date=5 May 2017|language=mk|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320001638/http://javno.mk/reshenie-na-asnom-72-godini-od-usvojuvaneto-na-makedonskata-azbuka/|archive-date=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> There are several letters that are specific for the Macedonian Cyrillic script, namely [[ѓ]], [[ќ]], [[ѕ]], [[џ]], [[љ]] and [[њ]],{{sfn|Usikova|2005|page=105–106}} with the last three letters being borrowed from the Serbo-Croatian phonetic alphabet adapted by Serbian linguist [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]], while the grapheme ѕ has an equivalent in the Church Slavonic alphabet.{{sfn|Friedman|1993|p=251}} Letters љ and њ were previously used by Macedonian writer Krste Petkov Misirkov written as л' and н'.<ref name="javno" /> The Macedonian alphabet also uses the apostrophe sign (') as a sound. It is used to mark the syllabic /r̩/, at the beginning of the word ({{lang|mk|'рж}} - rye, {{lang|mk|'рбет}} - spine) and to represent the phoneme schwa in some literary words or Turkish loanwords ({{lang|mk|'к'смет}} - fortune). А [[grave accent]] (`) [[diacritic]] is used over three vowels in orthography: {{lang|mk|ѝ}} - her, different from {{lang|mk|и}} - and, {{lang|mk|нè}} - us, different from {{lang|mk|не}} - no and {{lang|mk|сѐ}} - everything different from {{lang|mk|сe}} - short reflexive pronoun accompanying reflexive verbs.{{sfn|Usikova|2005|page=105–106}} The standard Macedonian alphabet contains 31 letters. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Macedonian alphabet, along with the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] value for each letter:

{| cellpadding="10" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|align="left"|''Cyrillic''<br />''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''||[[A (Cyrillic)|А а]]<br />{{IPA|/a/}}||[[Be (Cyrillic)|Б б]]<br />{{IPA|/b/}}||[[Ve (Cyrillic)|В в]]<br />{{IPA|/v/}}||[[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г г]]<br />{{IPA|/ɡ/}}||[[De (Cyrillic)|Д д]]<br />{{IPA|/d/}}||[[Gje|Ѓ ѓ]]<br />{{IPA|/ɟ/}}||[[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е е]]<br />{{IPA|/ɛ/}}||[[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж ж]]<br />{{IPA|/ʒ/}}||[[Ze (Cyrillic)|З з]]<br />{{IPA|/z/}}||[[Dze|Ѕ ѕ]]<br />{{IPA|/d͡z/}}||[[I (Cyrillic)|И и]]<br />{{IPA|/i/}}
|-
|align="left"|''Cyrillic''<br />''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''||[[Je (Cyrillic)|Ј ј]]<br />{{IPA|/j/}}||[[Ka (Cyrillic)|К к]]<br />{{IPA|/k/}}||[[El (Cyrillic)|Л л]]<br />{{IPA|/ɫ, l/}}<ref name="l">{{angbr|л}} is pronounced {{IPA|/l/}} before {{IPA|/e, i, j/}}, and {{IPA|/ɫ/}} otherwise. {{angbr|љ}} is always pronounced {{IPA|/l/}} but is not used before {{IPA|/e, i, j/}}. Cf. how the final љ in биљби'''''љ''''' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈbilbil/}}}} "nightingale" is changed to a л in the plural form биљби'''''л'''''и {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈbilbili/}}}}.</ref>||[[Lje|Љ љ]]<br />{{IPA|/l/}}<ref name="l"/>||[[Em (Cyrillic)|М м]]<br />{{IPA|/m/}}||[[En (Cyrillic)|Н н]]<br />{{IPA|/n/}}||[[Nje|Њ њ]]<br />{{IPA|/ɲ/}}||[[O (Cyrillic)|О о]]<br />{{IPA|/ɔ/}}||[[Pe (Cyrillic)|П п]]<br />{{IPA|/p/}}||[[Er (Cyrillic)|Р р]]<br />{{IPA|/r/}}||[[Es (Cyrillic)|С с]]<br />{{IPA|/s/}}
|-
|align="left"|''Cyrillic''<br />''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''||[[Te (Cyrillic)|Т т]]<br />{{IPA|/t/}}||[[Kje|Ќ ќ]]<br />{{IPA|/c/}}||[[U (Cyrillic)|У у]]<br />{{IPA|/u/}}||[[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф ф]]<br />{{IPA|/f/}}||[[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х х]]<br />{{IPA|/x/}}||[[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц ц]]<br />{{IPA|/t͡s/}}||[[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч ч]]<br />{{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}||[[Dzhe|Џ џ]]<br />{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}||[[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш ш]]<br />{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|}

===Orthography===
Similar to the Macedonian alphabet, Macedonian orthography was officially codified on 7 June 1945 at an ASNOM meeting.<ref name="javno" /> Rules about the orthography and [[orthoepy]] (correct pronunciation of words) were first collected and outlined in the book ''Правопис на македонскиот литературен јазик'' (''Orthography of the Macedonian standard language'') published in 1945. Updated versions have subsequently appeared with the most recent one published in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Правописот на македонски јазик од денес бесплатно на интернет|trans-title=The orthography of the Macedonian language for free on the Internet from today|date=7 December 2017|work=sdk.mk |url=https://sdk.mk/index.php/kultura/pravopisot-na-makedonski-jazik-od-denes-besplatno-na-internet/|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318184353/https://sdk.mk/index.php/kultura/pravopisot-na-makedonski-jazik-od-denes-besplatno-na-internet/|archive-date=18 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Macedonian orthography is consistent and phonemic in practice, an approximation of the principle of one [[grapheme]] per [[phoneme]]. This one-to-one correspondence is often simply described by the principle, "write as you speak and read as it is written".{{sfn|Friedman|2001}} There is only one exception to this rule with the letter /''л''/ which is pronounced as /l/ before front vowels (e.g. ''лист'' (leaf); pronounced as [list]) and /j/ (e.g. ''полјанка'' (meadow); pronounced as [poljanka]) but [[Velar consonant|velar]] /ł/ elsewhere (e.g. ''бела'' (white) pronounced as [beła]). Another sound that is not represented in the written form but is pronounced in words is the [[schwa]].{{sfn|Friedman|2001}}