Editing Macedonia (ancient kingdom) (section)

====Antigonid period military====
[[File:Thueros affresco.jpg|thumb|upright|Fresco of an ancient Macedonian soldier (''[[thorakitai|thorakites]]'') wearing [[chainmail]] armor and bearing a [[thureos]] shield, 3rd century{{nbsp}}BC, [[İstanbul Archaeology Museums]]]]
[[Antigonid Macedonian army|The Macedonian army]] continued to evolve under the [[Antigonid dynasty]]. It is uncertain how many men were appointed as ''somatophylakes'', which numbered eight men at the end of Alexander the Great's reign, while the ''hypaspistai'' seem to have morphed into assistants of the ''somatophylakes''.<ref group="note">{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=459}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=245}}: "Other developments in Macedonian army organization are evident after [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]. One is the evolution of the ''[[hypaspistai]]'' from an elite unit to a form of [[military police]] or [[bodyguard]] under [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip&nbsp;V]]; the only thing the two functions had in common was the particular closeness to the king."</ref> At the [[Battle of Cynoscephalae]] in 197{{nbsp}}BC, the Macedonians commanded some 16,000 phalanx pikemen.<ref name="sekunda 2010 461">{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=461}}.</ref> Alexander the Great's royal squadron of companion cavalry contained 800 men, the same number of cavalrymen in the sacred squadron ([[Latin language|Latin]]: ''sacra ala''; [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''hiera ile'') commanded by [[Philip V of Macedon]] during the [[Social War (220–217 BC)|Social War]] of 219{{nbsp}}BC.<ref name="sekunda 2010 460">{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=460}}.</ref> The regular Macedonian cavalry numbered 3,000 at Callinicus, which was separate from the sacred squadron and royal cavalry.<ref name="sekunda 2010 460"/> While Macedonian cavalry of the 4th century BC had fought without shields, the use of shields by cavalry was adopted from the [[Celtic settlement of Eastern Europe|Celtic invaders]] of the 270s BC who settled in [[Galatia]], central Anatolia.<ref>{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=469}}</ref>

Thanks to [[Military Decree of Amphipolis|contemporary inscriptions]] from Amphipolis and Greia dated 218 and 181{{nbsp}}BC, respectively, historians have been able to partially piece together the organization of the Antigonid army under Philip{{nbsp}}V.<ref group="note">{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=460–461}}; for the evolution of Macedonian military titles, such as its command by ''tetrarchai'' officers assisted by ''grammateis'' (i.e. secretaries or clerks), see {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=242–243}}.</ref> From at least the time of [[Antigonus III Doson]], the most elite Antigonid-period infantry were the [[peltast]]s, lighter and more maneuverable soldiers wielding ''peltai'' [[javelin]]s, swords, and a smaller bronze shield than [[Macedonian phalanx]] pikemen, although they sometimes served in that capacity.<ref group="note">{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=461–462}}; <br />{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=245}}: "The other development, which happened at the latest under [[Antigonus III Doson|Doson]], was the formation and training of a special unit of ''[[peltast]]ai'' separate from the [[Macedonian phalanx|phalanx]]. This unit operated as a form of [[royal guard]] similar in function to the earlier ''[[hypaspistai]]''."</ref> Among the peltasts, roughly 2,000 men were selected to serve in the elite ''agema'' [[vanguard]], with other peltasts numbering roughly 3,000.<ref name="sekunda 2010 462">{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=462}}.</ref> The number of peltasts varied over time, perhaps never more than 5,000 men.<ref group="note">{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=463}}; the largest figure for elite Macedonian [[peltast]]s mentioned by ancient historians was 5,000 troops, an amount that existed in the [[Social War (220–217 BC)]].</ref> They fought alongside the phalanx pikemen, divided now into ''[[chalkaspides]]'' (bronze shield) and ''[[leukaspides]]'' (white shield) regiments.<ref>{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=463–464}}.</ref>

The Antigonid Macedonian kings continued to expand and equip [[Ancient navies and vessels|the navy]].<ref>{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=247–248}}.</ref> [[Cassander]] maintained [[Hellenistic-era warships|a small fleet]] at [[Pydna]], [[Demetrius I of Macedon]] had one at Pella, and [[Antigonus II Gonatas]], while serving as a general for Demetrius in Greece, used the navy to secure the Macedonian holdings in [[Demetrias]], [[Chalkis]], [[Piraeus]], and [[Corinth]].<ref name="errington 1990 248">{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=248}}.</ref> The navy was considerably expanded during the [[Chremonidean War]] (267–261{{nbsp}}BC), allowing the Macedonian navy to defeat the Ptolemaic Egyptian navy at the 255{{nbsp}}BC [[Battle of Cos]] and 245{{nbsp}}BC [[Battle of Andros (246 BC)|Battle of Andros]], and enabling Macedonian influence to spread over the [[Cyclades]].<ref name="errington 1990 248"/> Antigonus{{nbsp}}III Doson used the Macedonian navy to invade [[Caria]], while Philip{{nbsp}}V sent 200 ships to fight in the [[Battle of Chios (201 BC)|Battle of Chios]] in 201{{nbsp}}BC.<ref name="errington 1990 248"/> The Macedonian navy was reduced to a mere six vessels as agreed in the 197{{nbsp}}BC [[peace treaty]] that concluded the [[Second Macedonian War]] with the [[Roman Republic]], although [[Perseus of Macedon]] quickly assembled some ''[[lemboi]]'' at the outbreak of the [[Third Macedonian War]] in 171{{nbsp}}BC.<ref name="errington 1990 248"/>