Editing List of popes (section)

==== 16th century ====
{{pope list begin|title=Popes of the 16th century}}
{{pope list item
| 215<br>[[File:C o a Piccolomini Popes.svg|40px]]
| [[September 1503 papal conclave|22 September 1503]] –<br>18 October 1503<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1503|09|22|1503|10|18}})}}
| [[File:PiusIII.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Pius III|Pius III]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Tertius}}
| Francesco Todeschini-[[Piccolomini]]
| 29 May 1439 Siena, Republic of Siena
| 64 / 64
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Siena]]. Nephew of [[Pope Pius II|Pius II]]. Founded the Piccolomini Library in the [[Siena Cathedral]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 216<br>[[File:C o a popes Della Rovere.svg|40px]]
| [[October 1503 papal conclave|31 October 1503]] –<br>21 February 1513<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1503|10|31|1513|02|21}})}}
| [[File:Raffaello Sanzio - Portrait of Julius II - WGA18799 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Julius II|Julius II]]'''<br>{{small|'''IVLIVS''' Secundus}}
| Giuliano [[della Rovere]], [[Order of Friars Minor|O.F.M.]]
| 5 December 1443 [[Albisola Superiore|Albisola]], Republic of Genoa
| 59 / 69
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Genoa]]. Nephew of [[Pope Sixtus IV|Sixtus IV]]. Member of the [[Franciscan Order]]. Nicknamed the "Warrior Pope" or the "Fearsome Pope". Became pope in the context of the Italian Wars, a period in which the major powers of Europe fought for primacy in the Italian peninsula. Took control of all the [[Papal States]] for the first time. Established the [[Vatican Museums]] and initiated the rebuilding of [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. The same year, he organized the famous [[Swiss Guard]] for his personal protection and commanded a successful campaign in Romagna against the local lords. The interests of Julius II also lay in the New World, as he ratified the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] (1506), establishing the first bishoprics in the Americas and starting the catholicization of [[Latin America]]. Commissioned the four [[Raphael Rooms]] and [[Michelangelo]]'s paintings in the [[Sistine Chapel]] (1508). Convened the [[Fifth Council of the Lateran]] (1512).

Julius II was described by [[Machiavelli]] in his works as the ideal prince. Julius II allowed people seeking [[indulgences]] to donate money to the Church, which would be used for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica.
}}
{{pope list item
| 217<br>[[File:C o a Medici popes.svg|40px]]
| [[1513 papal conclave|9 March 1513]] –<br>1 December 1521<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1513|03|09|1521|12|01}})}}
| [[File:Raffaello, ritratto di papa leone X tra i cardinali luigi de' rossi e giulio de' medici, 1518, 03.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Leo X|Leo X]]'''<br>{{small|'''LEO''' Decimus}}
| Giovanni di Lorenzo de' [[House of Medici|Medici]]
| 11 December 1475 [[Florence]], [[Republic of Florence]]
| 37 / 45
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Florence]]. Son of [[Lorenzo the Magnificent]]. Closed the [[Fifth Council of the Lateran]] (1517). Remembered for granting indulgences to those who donated to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica and for excommunicating [[Martin Luther]] (1521). Extended the Spanish Inquisition into Portugal. Borrowed and spent money without circumspection and was a significant patron of the arts. Under his reign, progress was made on the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, and artists such as Raphael decorated the Vatican rooms. Leo X also reorganized the [[Roman University]] and promoted the study of literature, poetry, and antiquities. Last pope to not have been in the priestly orders at the time of his election to the papacy.
}}
{{pope list item
| 218<br>[[File:C o a Hadrianus VI.svg|40px]]
| [[1521–1522 papal conclave|9 January 1522]] –<br>14 September 1523<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1522|01|09|1523|09|14}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Adrian VI (by Jan van Scorel).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Adrian VI|Adrian VI]]'''<br>{{small|'''HADRIANVS''' Sextus}}
| Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens
| 2 March 1459 [[Utrecht]], [[Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht|Bishopric of Utrecht]]
| 62 / 64
| Motto: {{lang|la|Patere et sustine}} {{small|("Respect and wait")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/AR6.htm |title=Pope Adrian VI (1522–1523) |publisher=GCatholic|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162435/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/AR6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht|Bishopric of Utrecht]]. The only [[Dutch people|Dutch]] pope; last non-Italian to be elected pope until [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] in 1978. Tutor of Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]. Came to the papacy in the midst of one of its greatest crises, threatened not only by Lutheranism to the north, but also by the advance of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] to the east. He refused to compromise with Lutheranism theologically, demanding Martin Luther's condemnation as a heretic. However, he is noted for his attempt to reform the Catholic Church administratively in response to the Protestant Reformation. Adrian VI's remarkable admission that the turmoil of the Church was the fault of the [[Roman Curia]] itself was read at the 1522–1523 Diet of Nuremberg.

His efforts at reform, however, proved fruitless, as they were resisted by most of his [[Renaissance]] ecclesiastical contemporaries, and he did not live long enough to see his efforts through to their conclusion.
}}
{{pope list item
| 219<br>[[File:C o a Medici popes.svg|40px]]
| [[1523 papal conclave|26 November 1523]] –<br>25 September 1534<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1523|11|26|1534|09|25}})}}
| [[File:Sebastiano del Piombo (Italian) - Pope Clement VII - Google Art Project.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement VII|Clement VII]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Septimus}}
| Giulio di Giuliano de' [[House of Medici|Medici]]
| 26 May 1478 Florence, Republic of Florence
| 45 / 56
| Motto: {{lang|la|Candor illæsus}} {{small|("Unharmed candor")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/C07.htm |title=Pope Clement VII (1523–1534) |publisher=GCatholic|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162253/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/C07.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Citizen of the [[Republic of Florence]]. Cousin of [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]]. Rome was [[Sack of Rome (1527)|sacked]] by imperial troops (1527). Forbade the divorce of King [[Henry VIII of England]]. Crowned Emperor Charles V at [[Bologna]] in 1530. Commissioned [[Michelangelo]]'s painting of ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'' in the Sistine Chapel (1533). Approved [[Copernicus]]'s [[Copernican heliocentrism|heliocentric model of the universe]] (1533). 

The [[Catherine de' Medici|niece]] of the pope was married to the future [[Henry II of France]] (1533). Recognized the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin]] (Capuchins).
}}
{{pope list item
| 220<br>[[File:C o a Paulus III.svg|40px]]
| [[1534 papal conclave|13 October 1534]] –<br>10 November 1549<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1534|10|13|1549|11|10}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Paul III Farnese (by Titian) - National Museum of Capodimonte.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Paul III|Paul III]]'''<br>{{small|'''PAVLVS''' Tertius}}
| Alessandro [[House of Farnese|Farnese]]
| 29 February 1468 [[Canino]], Papal States
| 66 / 81
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Recognized the [[Jesuits]] (1540). Opened the [[Council of Trent]] (1545). His illegitimate son became the first [[duke of Parma]]. Decreed the second and final excommunication of King [[Henry VIII of England]]. Appointed Michelangelo to supervise construction of St. Peter's Basilica (1546).
}}
{{pope list item
| 221<br>[[File:C o a Iulius III.svg|40px]]
| [[1549–1550 papal conclave|7 February 1550]] –<br>29 March 1555<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1550|02|07|1555|03|29}})}}
| [[File:Girolamo Sicciolante - Paus Julius III.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Julius III|Julius III]]'''<br>{{small|'''IVLIVS''' Tertius}}
| Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte
| 10 September 1487 Rome, Papal States
| 62 / 67
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Reopened the [[Council of Trent]] (1551). Established the {{lang|la|[[Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum|Collegium Germanicum]]}} (1552). The [[Innocenzo Ciocchi del Monte|Innocenzo Scandal]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 222<br>[[File:C o a Marcelus II.svg|40px]]
| [[April 1555 papal conclave|9 April 1555]] –<br>1 May 1555<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1555|04|09|1555|05|01}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Marcellus II Cervini (Vatican Museums - Musei Vaticani, Vatican).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Marcellus II|Marcellus II]]'''<br>{{small|'''MARCELLVS''' Secundus}}
| Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi
| 6 May 1501 [[Montefano]], Papal States
| 53 / 53
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Last to use his birth name as his [[papal name]]. Instituted immediate economies in the expenditure of the Holy See. The ''[[Missa Papae Marcelli]]'' was composed in his honour.
}}
{{pope list item
| 223<br>[[File:C o a Paulus IV.svg|40px]]
| [[May 1555 papal conclave|23 May 1555]] –<br>18 August 1559<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1555|05|23|1559|08|18}})}}
| [[File:Pope Paul IV – Jacopino Conte (Manner), ca. 1560.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Paul IV|Paul IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''PAVLVS''' Quartus}}
| Gian Pietro [[Carafa family|Carafa]], [[Theatines|C.R.]]
| 28 June 1476 [[Capriglia Irpina]], Kingdom of Naples
| 78 / 83
| Motto: {{lang|la|Dominus mihi adjutor}} {{small|("The Lord is my helper")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/PL4.htm |title=Pope Paul IV (1555–1559) |publisher=GCatholic|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162412/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/PL4.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject of the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. Founder and member of the [[Theatines]]. Established the [[Roman Ghetto]] in the bull ''[[Cum nimis absurdum]]'' (1555) and published the ''[[Index of Forbidden Books]]'' (1559). Ordered Michelangelo to repaint the nude figures in ''The Last Judgment'' modestly.
}}
{{pope list item
| 224<br>[[File:C o a Pius IV.svg|40px]]
| [[1559 papal conclave|26 December 1559]] –<br>9 December 1565<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1559|12|26|1565|12|09}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Pius IV, three-quarter-length, seated at a draped table (Circle of Scipione Pulzone).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Pius IV|Pius IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Quartus}}
| Giovanni Angelo [[House of Medici|Medici]]
| 31 March 1499 [[Milan]], [[Duchy of Milan]]
| 60 / 66
| Subject of the [[Duchy of Milan]]. Reopened and closed the [[Council of Trent]] (1563). Ordered public construction to improve the water supply of Rome. Instituted the [[Profession of faith (Catholic Church)|Tridentine Creed]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 225<br>[[File:C o a Pius V.svg|40px]]
| [[1565–1566 papal conclave|7 January 1566]] –<br>1 May 1572<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1566|01|07|1572|05|01}})}}
| [[File:Bartolomeo Passarotti - Pius V.jpg|80px]]
| '''St [[Pope Pius V|Pius V]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Quintus}}
| Antonio Ghislieri, [[Dominican Order|O.P.]]
| 17 January 1504 [[Bosco Marengo|Bosco]], Duchy of Milan
| 61 / 68
| Motto: {{lang|la|Utinam dirigantur viæ meæ ad custodiendas}} {{small|("O that my ways may be steadfast in keeping Thy statutes")}}
Subject of the [[Duchy of Milan]]. Member of the [[Dominican Order]], with the religious name Michele. Excommunicated Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]]. Issued the [[Tridentine Mass|1570 Roman Missal]]. [[Battle of Lepanto]] (1571); instituted the feast of [[Our Lady of Victory]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 226<br>[[File:C o a Gregorius XIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1572 papal conclave|13 May 1572]] –<br>10 April 1585<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1572|05|23|1585|04|10}})}}
| [[File:Pope Gregory XIII portrait.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Gregory XIII|Gregory XIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Tertius Decimus}}
| Ugo [[Boncompagni]]
| 7 January 1502 Bologna, Papal States
| 70 / 83
| Motto: {{lang|la|Aperuit et clausit}} {{small|("Opened and closed")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/G13.htm |title=Pope Gregory XIII (1572–1585)|access-date=3 August 2014|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810190505/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/G13.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Built the Gregorian Chapel in the Vatican. First pope to bestow the [[Immaculate Conception]] as the patron saint of the Philippine Islands through the bull ''Ilius Fulti Præsido'' (1579). Strengthened diplomatic ties with Asian nations. [[Gregorian calendar|Reformed the calendar]] (1582).
}}
{{pope list item
| 227<br>[[File:C o a Sixtus V.svg|40px]]
| [[1585 papal conclave|24 April 1585]] –<br>27 August 1590<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1585|04|24|1590|08|27}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Sixtus V.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Sixtus V|Sixtus V]]'''<br>{{small|'''XYSTVS''' Quintus}}
| Felice Peretti di Montalto, [[Conventual Franciscans|O.F.M. Conv.]]
| 13 December 1521 [[Grottammare]], Papal States
| 63 / 68
| Motto: {{lang|la|Aqua et panis, vita canis}} {{small|("Water and bread are a dog's life")}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bartleby.com/344/365.html |title=Sixtus V. S.A. Bent, comp. 1887. Familiar Short Sayings of Great Men|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.bartleby.com}}</ref>
Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Member of the [[Conventual Franciscans|Conventual Franciscan Order]]. Fixed and completed building works to major basilicas in Rome. Limited the [[College of Cardinals]] to 70 in number; [[Immensa aeterni Dei|doubled]] the number of [[Roman Curia|Curial congregations]] (1588).
}}
{{pope list item
| 228<br>[[File:C o a Urbanus VII.svg|40px]]
| [[September 1590 papal conclave|15 September 1590]] –<br>27 September 1590<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1590|09|15|1590|09|27}})}}
| [[File:Papa Urbano VII (Pope Urban VII).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Urban VII|Urban VII]]'''<br>{{small|'''VRBANVS''' Septimus}}
| Giovanni Battista Castagna
| 4 August 1521 Rome, Papal States
| 69 / 69
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Supported by Spain. Shortest-reigning pope; died before coronation. Set the first known worldwide smoking ban, banning smoking in and near all churches.
}}
{{pope list item
| 229<br>[[File:C o a Gregorius XIV.svg|40px]]
| [[October–December 1590 papal conclave|5 December 1590]] –<br>16 October 1591<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1590|12|05|1591|10|16}})}}
| [[File:Roman School – Portrait of Pope Gregory XIV (16th Century).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Gregory XIV|Gregory XIV]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Quartus Decimus}}
| Niccolò Sfondrati
| 11 February 1535 [[Somma Lombardo]], Duchy of Milan
| 55 / 56
| Subject of the [[Duchy of Milan]]. Modified the constitution ''Effraenatam'' of [[Pope Sixtus V|Sixtus V]] so that the penalty for abortion did not apply until the foetus became animated. Made [[gambling on papal elections]] punishable by excommunication through the bull ''Cogit nos'' (1591) to maintain the sanctity and seriousness of the election process.
}}
{{pope list item
| 230<br>[[File:C o a Inocentius IX.svg|40px]]
| [[1591 papal conclave|29 October 1591]] –<br>30 December 1591<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1591|10|29|1591|12|30}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Innocent IX (Fidenza Cathedral Museum - Museo del Duomo di Fidenza, Fidenza).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Innocent IX|Innocent IX]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Nonus}}
| Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti
| 20 July 1519 Bologna, Papal States
| 72 / 72
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Supported the cause of King [[Philip II of Spain]] and the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]] against King [[Henry IV of France]] in the [[French Wars of Religion]]. Prohibited alienation of church property.
}}
{{pope list item
| 231<br>[[File:C o a Clementem VIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1592 papal conclave|30 January 1592]] –<br>3 March 1605<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1592|01|30|1605|03|03}})}}
| [[File:Papst Clemens VIII Italian 17th century.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement VIII|Clement VIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Octavus}}
| Ippolito [[Aldobrandini family|Aldobrandini]]
| 24 February 1536 [[Fano]], Papal States
| 55 / 69
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Initiated an alliance of European Christian powers to partake in the war with the [[Ottoman Empire]] known as the [[Long War (1591–1606)|Long War]] (1595). Convened the ''[[Congregatio de Auxiliis]]'', addressing the doctrinal disputes between the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] and [[Jesuits]] regarding free will and divine grace.<ref name="Blunt1874">{{cite book |author=John Henry Blunt|author-link=John Henry Blunt |title=Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties, and Schools of Religious Thought|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-gCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA234|access-date=11 August 2012 |year=1874 |publisher=Rivingtons |pages=234–240 |chapter=Jansenists|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310122948/https://books.google.com/books?id=z-gCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA234#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{pope list end}}