Editing Lebanon (section)

=== Law ===
[[File:Grand serail solidere 4.jpg|right|thumb|190x190px|<bdi>[[Grand Serail]] from Riad El Solh Square, Beirut</bdi>]]
There are 18 officially recognized religious groups in Lebanon, each with its own [[Family law in Lebanon|family law]] legislation and set of religious courts.<ref name="unesco1">{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SHS/pdf/Women_in_Personal_Status_Laws.pdf |title=Women In Personal Status Laws |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010052503/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SHS/pdf/Women_in_Personal_Status_Laws.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Lebanese legal system is based on the [[Law of France|French system]], and is a [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] country, with the exception for matters related to personal status (succession, marriage, divorce, adoption, etc.), which are governed by a separate set of laws designed for each sectarian community. For instance, the Islamic personal status laws are inspired by the [[Sharia]] law.<ref name="globalex" /> 
For Muslims, these tribunals deal with questions of marriage, divorce, custody, and inheritance and wills. For non-Muslims, personal status jurisdiction is split: the law of inheritance and wills falls under national civil jurisdiction, while Christian and Jewish religious courts are competent for marriage, divorce, and custody. Catholics can additionally appeal before the [[Roman Rota|Vatican Rota court]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mallat.com/articles/T/The%20Lebanese%20Legal%20System.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516171921/http://www.mallat.com/articles/T/The%20Lebanese%20Legal%20System.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2011 |title=The Lebanese Legal System |author=Chibli Mallat |access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref>

The most notable set of codified laws is the Code des Obligations et des Contrats promulgated in 1932 and equivalent to the [[French Civil Code]].<ref name="globalex">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Lebanon.htm |title=The Lebanese Legal System and Research |author=El Samad, Firas |publisher=Nyulawglobal.org |access-date=17 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117000049/http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Lebanon.htm |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Capital punishment]] is still de facto used to sanction certain crimes, but no longer enforced.{{Clarify|date=August 2024|reason=De facto or de jure? The reference only says that it's still used for certain crimes, it doesn't say anything about de facto or de jure, but certainly claiming it's used "de facto" but then "no longer enforced" seems confusing and contradictory}}<ref name="globalex" /> The Lebanese court system consists of three levels: courts of first instance, courts of appeal, and the court of cassation. The Constitutional Council rules on constitutionality of laws and electoral frauds. There also is a system of religious courts having jurisdiction over personal status matters within their own communities, with rules on matters such as marriage and inheritance.<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite web | publisher = [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] | last = Carnegie Endowment for International Peace | title = Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms – Lebanon | access-date = 4 July 2009 | url = http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/Lebanon_APS.doc | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090725093222/https://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/Lebanon_APS.doc | archive-date = 25 July 2009 | url-status=live | df = dmy-all}}</ref>

In 1990, article 95 was amended to provide that the parliament shall take necessary measures to abolish political structure based on religious affiliation, but that until such time only the highest positions in public civil service, including the judiciary, military, security forces, public and mixed institutions, shall be divided equally between [[Christians]] and [[Muslims]] without regard to the denominational affiliation within each community.<ref>{{cite web|last=Saliba|first=Issam|date=3 May 2012|title=Legal Research Guide: Lebanon|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/legal-research-guide/lebanon.php|access-date=19 March 2021|website=Law Library of Congress|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508141014/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/legal-research-guide/lebanon.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== LGBT rights ====
{{Main|LGBTQ rights in Lebanon}}

Male homosexuality is illegal in Lebanon.<ref>{{cite news |title=The countries where homosexuality is still illegal |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/96298/the-countries-where-homosexuality-is-still-illegal |work=The Week |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203653/https://www.theweek.co.uk/96298/the-countries-where-homosexuality-is-still-illegal |archive-date=28 November 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Discrimination against [[LGBTQ rights in Lebanon|LGBTQ people]] in Lebanon is widespread.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lebanon: No Justification for LGBT Crackdown |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/11/lebanon-no-justification-lgbt-crackdown |work=Human Rights Watch |date=11 February 2019 |access-date=15 August 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506001010/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/11/lebanon-no-justification-lgbt-crackdown |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2019 |title=Human rights group urges Lebanon to abolish anti-LGBT law |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/human-rights-group-urges-lebanon-to-abolish-anti-lgbt-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414054835/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/human-rights-group-urges-lebanon-to-abolish-anti-lgbt-law |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=15 August 2019 |work=PBS}}</ref> According to 2019 survey by the Pew Research Center, 85% of Lebanese respondents believe that [[homosexuality]] should not be accepted by society.<ref name="pew2020">{{Citation|date=6 September 2020|title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A gender and sexuality conference, held annually in Lebanon, since 2013, was moved abroad in 2019 after a religious group on Facebook called for the organizers' arrest and the cancellation of the conference for "inciting immorality." General Security Forces shut down the 2018 conference and indefinitely denied non-Lebanese LGBT activists who attended the conference permission to re-enter the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2021 |title="Clean the Streets of Faggots" |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/04/clean-streets-faggots |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425122215/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/04/clean-streets-faggots |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>