Editing Laser diode (section)

=== External-cavity diode lasers ===
External-cavity diode lasers are [[tunable laser]]s which use mainly double heterostructures diodes of the Al<sub>{{Mvar|x}}</sub>Ga<sub>{{Math|1&minus;''x''}}</sub>As type. The first external-cavity diode lasers used intracavity etalons<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1364/OL.1.000061|title=External-cavity-controlled 32-MHz narrow-band cw GaA1As-diode lasers|year=1977|last1=Voumard|first1=C.|journal=Optics Letters|volume=1|pages=61–3|pmid=19680331|issue=2|bibcode = 1977OptL....1...61V }}</ref> and simple tuning Littrow gratings.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Fleming, M. W. |author2=Mooradian, A. |title=Spectral characteristics of external-cavity controlled semiconductor lasers |journal=IEEE J. Quantum Electron. |volume=17 |pages=44–59 |year=1981 |doi=10.1109/JQE.1981.1070634 |bibcode=1981IJQE...17...44F }}</ref> Other designs include gratings in grazing-incidence configuration, multiple-prism grating configurations, and piezo-transduced diode laser configuration.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zorabedian, P. |title=Tunable Lasers Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPMC5BbSN0QC|editor=F. J. Duarte|editor-link=F. J. Duarte|publisher=Academic Press|year=1995|chapter=8|isbn=0-12-222695-X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duca |first1=Lucia |last2=Perego |first2=Elia |last3=Berto |first3=Federico |last4=Sias |first4=Carlo |date=2021-06-15 |title=Design of a Littrow-type diode laser with independent control of cavity length and grating rotation |url=https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.423813 |journal=Optics Letters |language=EN |volume=46 |issue=12 |pages=2840–2843 |doi=10.1364/OL.423813 |pmid=34129554 |arxiv=2202.07762 |bibcode=2021OptL...46.2840D |issn=1539-4794|hdl=11696/78722 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>