Editing LSD (section)

===Long-term effects===
A potential risk of frequent repeated long-term use of LSD and other serotonergic psychedelics is [[cardiac fibrosis]] and [[cardiac valvulopathy|valvulopathy]] due to [[serotonin]] [[5-HT2B receptor|5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor]] [[agonist|agonism]].<ref name="TagenMantuanivanHeerden2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tagen M, Mantuani D, van Heerden L, Holstein A, Klumpers LE, Knowles R | title = The risk of chronic psychedelic and MDMA microdosing for valvular heart disease | journal = J Psychopharmacol | volume = 37 | issue = 9 | pages = 876–890 | date = September 2023 | pmid = 37572027 | doi = 10.1177/02698811231190865 | url = }}</ref><ref name="RouaudCalderHasler2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rouaud A, Calder AE, Hasler G | title = Microdosing psychedelics and the risk of cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy: Comparison to known cardiotoxins | journal = J Psychopharmacol | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 217–224 | date = March 2024 | pmid = 38214279 | pmc = 10944580 | doi = 10.1177/02698811231225609 | url = }}</ref><ref name="NahlawiPtaszekRuskin2025">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nahlawi A, Ptaszek LM, Ruskin JN | title = Cardiovascular effects and safety of classic psychedelics | journal = Nat Cardiovasc Res | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–144 | date = February 2025 | pmid = 39910289 | doi = 10.1038/s44161-025-00608-2 | url = }}</ref><ref name="Wsół2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wsół A | title = Cardiovascular safety of psychedelic medicine: current status and future directions | journal = Pharmacol Rep | volume = 75 | issue = 6 | pages = 1362–1380 | date = December 2023 | pmid = 37874530 | pmc = 10661823 | doi = 10.1007/s43440-023-00539-4 | url = }}</ref><ref name="McIntyre2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = McIntyre RS | title = Serotonin 5-HT2B receptor agonism and valvular heart disease: implications for the development of psilocybin and related agents | journal = Expert Opin Drug Saf | volume = 22 | issue = 10 | pages = 881–883 | date = 2023 | pmid = 37581427 | doi = 10.1080/14740338.2023.2248883 | url = }}</ref> This may also be the case with [[microdosing]].<ref name="TagenMantuanivanHeerden2023" /><ref name="RouaudCalderHasler2024" /><ref name="NahlawiPtaszekRuskin2025" /> However, the risks are theoretical, and more research is needed to see if these complications can actually occur with psychedelics.<ref name="TagenMantuanivanHeerden2023" /><ref name="Wsół2023" /> A preliminary [[animal study]] found that chronic microdosing of LSD did not result in heart structure changes or valvulopathy in rodents.<ref name="EffingerKingCalderon2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Effinger D, King J, Calderon J, Strong J, Thompson S | title = ACNP 63rd Annual Meeting: Poster Abstracts P609-P914: P680. Assessing the Potential Cardiovascular Risk of Microdosing Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Mice | journal = Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 49 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 418–594 (459–459) | date = December 2024 | pmid = 39643635 | doi = 10.1038/s41386-024-02013-y | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref> Research appears to be mixed on whether LSD is a potent serotonin 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor agonist or not, with some studies finding it to be essentially inactive.<ref name="LuethiLiecthi2021">{{cite book | vauthors = Luethi D, Liechti ME | title=5-HT2B Receptors | chapter=Drugs of Abuse Affecting 5-HT2B Receptors | series=The Receptors | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | volume=35 | date=2021 | isbn=978-3-030-55919-9 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-55920-5_16 | pages=277–289}}</ref>