Editing Kitchener, Ontario (section)

==Geography and climate==

===Geography===
Kitchener is located in [[Southwestern Ontario]], in the [[Saint Lawrence Lowlands]]. This geological and climatic region has wet-climate soils and deciduous forests. Situated in the Grand River Valley, the area is generally above {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} in elevation.

Kitchener is the largest city in the [[Grand River (Ontario)|Grand River]] watershed and the [[Haldimand Tract]]. Just to the west of the city is [[Baden Hill]], in [[Wilmot, Ontario|Wilmot Township]]. This glacial [[kame]] remnant formation is the highest elevation for many miles. The other dominant glacial feature is the [[Waterloo Moraine]], which snakes its way through the region, and holds a significant quantity of [[artesian wells]], from which the city derives most of its drinking water. The settlement's first name, Sandhills, is an accurate description of the higher points of the moraine.

===Climate===
Kitchener has a [[humid continental climate]] of the warm summer subtype (''Dfb'' under the [[Köppen climate classification]]);  large seasonal differences are seen, usually warm and humid summers and cold to occasionally very cold winters. Winter-like conditions generally last from mid-December until mid-March, while summer temperatures generally occur from mid-May to close to the end of September.

March 2012 went down in the history books for Kitchener – between 16 and 22 March, temperatures ranged from {{convert|21.4|C|F|1}} to {{convert|26.5|C|F|1}}—7 record highs in a row. 19 March high of {{convert|24|C|F|1}} is one of the highest winter temperatures ever recorded, while 22 March high of {{convert|26.5|C|F|1}} is the highest for March in this area.

Temperatures during the year can exceed {{convert|30|C|F|1}} in the summer and drop below {{convert|-20|C|F|1}} in the winter several times a year, but prolonged periods of extreme temperatures are rare.  The frost-free period for Kitchener averages about 147 frost-free days a year,<ref name=climate /> a much lower number than cities on the Great Lakes due its inland location and higher elevation. Snowfall averages {{convert|160|cm|in|0}} per year.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Kitchener was {{convert|38.3|C|0}} on August 6 and 7, 1918, and again on July 27, 1941.<ref name="August 1918"/><ref name="July 1941"/> The coldest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-34.1|C|1}} on February 16, 2015.<ref name="climate"/>

{{Weather box
|location = [[Region of Waterloo International Airport]], 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1914–present{{efn|Daily maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation were recorded at Kitchener from October 1914 to December 1977 and at [[Region of Waterloo International Airport]] from March 1970 to present.<ref name="Kitchener"/><ref name="climate"/>}}
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 14.9
|Feb record high C = 16.8
|Mar record high C = 26.5
|Apr record high C = 30.0
|May record high C = 33.3
|Jun record high C = 36.7
|Jul record high C = 38.3
|Aug record high C = 38.3
|Sep record high C = 36.7
|Oct record high C = 31.1
|Nov record high C = 25.0
|Dec record high C = 18.7
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = −2.3
|Feb high C = −1.4
|Mar high C = 4.1
|Apr high C = 11.6
|May high C = 19.0
|Jun high C = 24.1
|Jul high C = 26.6
|Aug high C = 25.5
|Sep high C = 21.6
|Oct high C = 14.1
|Nov high C = 6.8
|Dec high C = 0.7
|year high C = 12.5
|Jan mean C = −6.3
|Feb mean C = −5.9
|Mar mean C = −0.8
|Apr mean C = 5.9
|May mean C = 12.6
|Jun mean C = 17.8
|Jul mean C = 20.2
|Aug mean C = 19.1
|Sep mean C = 15.2
|Oct mean C = 8.8
|Nov mean C = 2.6
|Dec mean C = −2.8
|year mean C = 7.2
|Jan low C = −10.3
|Feb low C = −10.3
|Mar low C = −5.6
|Apr low C = 0.1
|May low C = 6.2
|Jun low C = 11.5
|Jul low C = 13.7
|Aug low C = 12.7
|Sep low C = 8.7
|Oct low C = 3.4
|Nov low C = −1.6
|Dec low C = −6.3
|year low C = 1.9
|Jan record low C = −31.9
|Feb record low C = −34.1
|Mar record low C = −29.4
|Apr record low C = −17.8
|May record low C = −6.1
|Jun record low C = −1.1
|Jul record low C = 4.2
|Aug record low C = 1.1
|Sep record low C = −3.7
|Oct record low C = −10.6
|Nov record low C = −18.9
|Dec record low C = −28.3
|year record low C = −34.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 66.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 46.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 57.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 81.2
|May precipitation mm = 80.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 80.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 96.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 67.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 75.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 71.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 74.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 54.9
|year precipitation mm = 850.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 28.7
|Feb rain mm = 29.7
|Mar rain mm = 36.8
|Apr rain mm = 68.0
|May rain mm = 81.8
|Jun rain mm = 82.4
|Jul rain mm = 98.6
|Aug rain mm = 83.9
|Sep rain mm = 87.8
|Oct rain mm = 66.1
|Nov rain mm = 75.0
|Dec rain mm = 38.0
|year rain mm = 776.8
|snow colour = green
|Jan snow cm = 43.7
|Feb snow cm = 30.3
|Mar snow cm = 26.5
|Apr snow cm = 7.3
|May snow cm = 0.4
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 1.4
|Nov snow cm = 13.0
|Dec snow cm = 37.2
|year snow cm = 159.7
|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 17.7
|Feb precipitation days = 12.9
|Mar precipitation days = 13.2
|Apr precipitation days = 13.5
|May precipitation days = 13.4
|Jun precipitation days = 12.7
|Jul precipitation days = 13.2
|Aug precipitation days = 11.2
|Sep precipitation days = 12.0
|Oct precipitation days = 14.7
|Nov precipitation days = 14.8
|Dec precipitation days = 15.0
|year precipitation days = 164.0
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm
|Jan rain days = 5.6
|Feb rain days = 5.0
|Mar rain days = 6.9
|Apr rain days = 11.5
|May rain days = 12.4
|Jun rain days = 12.0
|Jul rain days = 10.6
|Aug rain days = 10.7
|Sep rain days = 12.2
|Oct rain days = 13.7
|Nov rain days = 11.6
|Dec rain days = 6.9
|year rain days = 118.7
|unit snow days = 0.2 cm
|Jan snow days = 16.1
|Feb snow days = 11.9
|Mar snow days = 9.0
|Apr snow days = 3.3
|May snow days = 0.18
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.91
|Nov snow days = 6.5
|Dec snow days = 14.4
|year snow days = 62.2
|humidity colour = green
|time day = 0600 LST
|Jan humidity = 86.4
|Feb humidity = 83.4
|Mar humidity = 84.8
|Apr humidity = 84.4
|May humidity = 84.7
|Jun humidity = 87.0
|Jul humidity = 90.1
|Aug humidity = 93.6
|Sep humidity = 94.3
|Oct humidity = 90.6
|Nov humidity = 87.6
|Dec humidity = 87.1
|year humidity = 87.8
|source 1 = [[Environment Canada]] (rainfall/snowfall/humidity 1981–2010)<ref name="climate">{{cite web
| url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=213000000&dispBack=0
| title = Kitchener/Waterloo
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = Environment and Climate Change Canada
| access-date = Jun 11, 2024}}</ref><ref name="climate1981">
{{cite web
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4832&lang=e&dCode=0&province=ONT&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12
| title = Waterloo Wellington A
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
| date = 31 October 2011|access-date = 12 April 2014
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150216095631/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4832&lang=e&dCode=0&province=ONT&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12
| archive-date = 16 February 2015
|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Kitchener">
{{cite web
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kitchener&searchMethod=contains&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&optLimit=specDate&Year=1914&Month=10&Day=31&selRowPerPage=25
| title = Kitchener
| date = 31 October 2011|access-date = 5 August 2016
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160819052139/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kitchener&searchMethod=contains&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&optLimit=specDate&Year=1914&Month=10&Day=31&selRowPerPage=25
| archive-date = 19 August 2016
| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="August 1918">
{{cite web
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1914-10-01%7C1977-12-31&mlyRange=1914-01-01%7C1977-12-01&StationID=4781&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnProx&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=2&txtRadius=25&optProxType=city&selCity=43%7C27%7C80%7C29%7CKitchener&selPark=&txtCentralLatDeg=&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongDeg=&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&timeframe=2&Year=1918&Month=8
| title = Daily Data Report for August 1918
| date = 31 October 2011|access-date = 5 August 2016
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160819033337/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1914-10-01%7C1977-12-31&mlyRange=1914-01-01%7C1977-12-01&StationID=4781&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnProx&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=2&txtRadius=25&optProxType=city&selCity=43%7C27%7C80%7C29%7CKitchener&selPark=&txtCentralLatDeg=&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongDeg=&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&timeframe=2&Year=1918&Month=8
| archive-date = 19 August 2016
| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="July 1941">
{{cite web
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1914-10-01%7C1977-12-31&mlyRange=1914-01-01%7C1977-12-01&StationID=4781&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnProx&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=2&txtRadius=25&optProxType=city&selCity=43%7C27%7C80%7C29%7CKitchener&selPark=&txtCentralLatDeg=&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongDeg=&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&timeframe=2&Year=1941&Month=7
| title = Daily Data Report for July 1941
| date = 31 October 2011|access-date = 5 August 2016
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160819045722/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1914-10-01%7C1977-12-31&mlyRange=1914-01-01%7C1977-12-01&StationID=4781&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnProx&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=2&txtRadius=25&optProxType=city&selCity=43%7C27%7C80%7C29%7CKitchener&selPark=&txtCentralLatDeg=&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongDeg=&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&timeframe=2&Year=1941&Month=7
| archive-date = 19 August 2016
| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Kitchener/Waterloo">
{{cite web
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kitchener%2Fwaterloo&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=4&selRowPerPage=25
| title = Kitchener/Waterloo
| date = 31 October 2011|access-date = 5 August 2016
| url-status  = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160819031146/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kitchener%2Fwaterloo&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=4&selRowPerPage=25
| archive-date = 19 August 2016
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="Region of Waterloo Int'l A">{{cite web
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=region+of+waterloo+int%27l+a&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=4&selRowPerPage=25
| title = Region of Waterloo Int'l A
| date = 31 October 2011|access-date = 5 August 2016
| url-status  = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160819050107/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=region+of+waterloo+int%27l+a&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=4&selRowPerPage=25
| archive-date = 19 August 2016
| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
|date=March 2011}}