Editing Karachi (section)

===Ethnicity===

The oldest portions of modern Karachi reflect the ethnic composition of the first settlement, with Balochis and Sindhis continuing to make up a large portion of the Lyari neighbourhood, though many of the residents are relatively recent migrants.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} Following Partition, large numbers of Hindus left Pakistan for the newly independent [[Dominion of India]] (later the Republic of India), while a larger percentage of Muslim migrant and refugees from India settled in Karachi. The city grew 150% during the ten year period between 1941 and 1951 with the new arrivals from India,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blood |first1=Peter R. |title=Pakistan: A Country Study |date=1986 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-0-7881-3631-3 |page=96}}</ref> who made up 57% of Karachi's population in 1951.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hinnells |first1=John |title=The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-151350-3 |page=193}}</ref> The city is now considered a melting pot of Pakistan and is the country's most diverse city.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />

In 2011, an estimated 2.5&nbsp;million foreign migrants lived in the city, mostly from [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Laurent |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for City |date=2014 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=9789351160861}}</ref>
[[File:PK Karachi asv2020-02 img88 Charminar Chowrangi.jpg|thumb|Karachi is home to large numbers of descendants of refugees and migrants from [[Hyderabad]], in southern India, who built a small replica of Hyderabad's famous [[Charminar]] monument in Karachi's [[Bahadurabad]] area.]]

Much of Karachi's citizenry descend from Urdu-speaking migrants and refugees from North India who became known by the Arabic term for "Migrant": [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir]]. The first Muhajirs of Karachi arrived in 1946 in the aftermath of the [[Direct Action Day]] and subsequent [[1946 Bihar riots]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=BHAVNANI |first1=NANDITA |title=THE MAKING OF EXILE: SINDHI HINDUS AND THE PARTITION OF INDIA |date=2014 |publisher=Westland |isbn=9789384030339 |pages=434 |chapter=3}}</ref> The city's wealthy Hindus opposed the resettlement of refugees near their homes, and so many refugees were accommodated in the older and more congested parts of Karachi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhavnani |first1=Nandita |year=2014 |title=The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India |publisher=Westland |pages=39–40 |isbn=9789384030339 |quote=In June 1947, it was initially proposed to settle the muhajirs on a large plot of land in Bunder Road Extension, a well-heeled suburb of Karachi. This was, however, a residential area dominated by affluent Sindhi Hindus, who became nervous about such a large number of discontented lower-class Muslim refugees living in such close proximity to them. Given their influence, the Hindus were able to sway the government into transferring the proposed resettlement site to Lyari, a more congested and lower middle-class area.}}</ref> The city witnessed a large influx of Muhajirs following partition, who were drawn to the port city and newly designated federal capital for its white-collar job opportunities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tan |first1=Tai Yong |author-link1=Tan Tai Yong |last2=Kudaisya |first2=Gyanesh |author-link2=Gyanesh Kudaisya |year=2000 |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/aftermathpartiti00kuda |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/aftermathpartiti00kuda/page/n248 234]–235 |isbn=978-0-415-17297-4 |quote=In 1947, as the new Federal Government of Pakistan struggled to establish itself in Karachi, a large number of Muslim refugees from northern India came and settled down in the city{{nbsp}}... Karachi became the preferred destination of northern Indian Urdu-speaking Muslims who hoped to find white-collar employment opportunities in the cosmopolitan commercial and port city.}}</ref> Muhajirs continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and early 1960s,<ref name="Khalidi-1998">{{cite journal |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |date=Autumn 1998 |title=From Torrent to Trickle: Indian Muslim Migration to Pakistan, 1947–97 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=37 |number=3 |pages=339–352 |jstor=20837002}}</ref> with Karachi remaining the primary destination of Indian Muslim migrants throughout those decades.<ref name="Khalidi-1998"/> The Muhajir Urdu-speaking community in the 2017 census forms slightly less than 45% of the city's population.<ref name=stats>{{cite news |title=STATISTICS: THE KARACHI-LAHORE CENSUS CONUNDRUM |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1356681 |access-date=1 December 2017 |work=Dawn |date=10 September 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080932/https://www.dawn.com/news/1356681 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muhajirs form the bulk of Karachi's middle class.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}}

Karachi is home to a wide array of non-Urdu speaking Muslim peoples from what is now the [[Republic of India]]. The city has a sizable community of [[Gujarati Muslims|Gujarati]], [[Marathi Muslims|Marathi]], [[Konkani Muslims|Konkani]]-speaking refugees.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} Karachi is also home to a several-thousand member strong community of [[Mappila|Malabari Muslims]] from [[Kerala]] in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite web |author=M R Narayan Swamy |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_where-malayalees-once-held-sway_4610 |title=Where Malayalees once held sway & Updates at |website=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 October 2005 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317161132/http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_where-malayalees-once-held-sway_4610 |url-status=live }}</ref> These ethno-linguistic groups are being [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] in the Urdu-speaking community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/political-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia/15875445.shtml |title=Political and ethnic battles turn Karachi into Beirut of South Asia " Crescent |publisher=Merinews.com |access-date=24 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130080304/http://www.merinews.com/article/political-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia/15875445.shtml |archive-date=30 November 2012}}</ref>

During the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, large numbers [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] from the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|NWFP]] migrated to Karachi with Afghan Pashtun refugees settling in Karachi during the 80's.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html |title=Karachi's Invisible Enemy |first=Sharmeen |last=Obaid-Chinoy |publisher=PBS |date=17 July 2009 |access-date=24 August 2010 |archive-date=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824071128/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090825/FOREIGN/708249931 |title=In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder |website=The National |date=24 August 2009 |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116211443/http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20090825%2FFOREIGN%2F708249931 |archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/43827/the-pakhtun-in-karachi/ |title=Columnists &#124; The Pakhtun in Karachi |magazine=Time |date=28 August 2010 |access-date=8 September 2011 |archive-date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525040935/http://tribune.com.pk/story/43827/the-pakhtun-in-karachi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rehman |first1=Zia Ur |author1-link=Zia Ur Rehman |title=Demographic divide |url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110715&page=5 |website=[[The Friday Times]] |access-date=15 August 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209085408/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110715&page=5 |archive-date=9 December 2012 |date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.dawn.com/2009/02/10/local9.htm |title=UN body, police baffled by minister's threat against Afghan refugees |date=10 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914183620/http://archives.dawn.com/2009/02/10/local9.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Karachi is home to the world's largest urban Pashtun population,<ref name="Crossroads">{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=Pakistan at the Crossroads: Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures |date=2016 |publisher=Columbia University |isbn=978-0-231-54025-4 |page=128<!-- |pages=384--> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A791CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204064134/https://books.google.com/books?id=A791CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> with more Pashtun citizens than the [[Peshawar]].<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}}<ref name="Crossroads" /> Pashtuns from Afghanistan are regarded as the most conservative community.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} Pashtuns from Pakistan's [[Swat Valley]], in contrast, are generally seen as more liberal in social outlook.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} The Pashtun community forms the bulk of manual labourers and transporters.{{sfn|Laurent Gayer|2014|pp=44}} Anatol Lieven of [[Georgetown University in Qatar]] wrote that due to Pashtuns settling the city, "Karachi (not Kabul, Kandahar or Peshawar) is the largest Pashtun city in the world."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lieven |first=Anatol |title=An Afghan Tragedy: The Pashtuns, the Taliban and the State |journal=[[Survival (journal)|Survival: Global Politics and Strategy]] |volume=63 |year=2021 |issue=3 |pages=7–36 |doi=10.1080/00396338.2021.1930403 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Migrants from Punjab began settling in Karachi in large numbers in the 1960s, and now make up an estimated 14% of Karachi's population.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} The community forms the bulk of the city's police force.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} The bulk of Karachi's Christian community, which makes up 2.5% of the city's population, is Punjabi.<ref>[http://www.pakistanchristianpost.com/viewarticles.php?editorialid=272 Pakistan Christian Post] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194247/http://www.pakistanchristianpost.com/viewarticles.php?editorialid=272 |date=3 March 2016 }} accessed 5 August 2017</ref>

Despite being the capital of Sindh province, only 6–8% of the city is Sindhi.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} Sindhis form much of the municipal and provincial bureaucracy.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} 4% of Karachi's population speaks Balochi as its mother tongue, though most Baloch speakers are of [[Sheedi]] heritage{{snd}}a community that traces its roots to Africa.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}}

Following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and independence of [[Bangladesh]], thousands of Urdu-speaking [[Bihari people|Biharis]] arrived in the city, preferring to remain Pakistani rather than live in the newly independent country. Large numbers of [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] also migrated from Bangladesh to Karachi during periods of economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s. Karachi is now home to an estimated 2.5 to 3{{nbsp}}million ethnic [[Bangladeshis in Pakistan|Bengalis living in Pakistan]].<ref name="Falling back" /><ref name="cidcm.umd.edu" /> [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] refugees from [[Myanmar]], who speak a dialect of Bengali and are sometimes regarded as Bengalis, also live in the city. Karachi is home to an estimated [[Burmese people in Pakistan|400,000 Rohingya residents]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/derek-flood/from-south-to-south-refug_b_100387.html |title=From South to South: Refugees as Migrants: The Rohingya in Pakistan |website=HuffPost |date=12 May 2008 |access-date=24 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606233229/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/derek-flood/from-south-to-south-refug_b_100387.html |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-333213-Bengali-and-Rohingya-leaders-gearing-up-for-LG-polls |title=Bengali and Rohingya leaders gearing up for LG polls |website=The News |access-date=18 December 2015 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814203153/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-333213-Bengali-and-Rohingya-leaders-gearing-up-for-LG-polls |url-status=dead}}</ref> Large scale [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] migration to Karachi made Karachi one of the largest population centres of [[Rohingya people|Rohingyas]] in the world outside of Myanmar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1165299 |title=Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population |last=Rehman |first=Zia Ur |date=23 February 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them. |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-date=8 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108165340/http://www.dawn.com/news/1165299 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Central Asian migrants from [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]] have also settled in the city.<ref name="conflictedkarachi">{{cite web |url=http://blog.dawn.com/2010/08/26/conflicting-karachi/ |title=Conflicted Karachi |website=Dawn |date=26 August 2010 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107161946/http://blog.dawn.com/2010/08/26/conflicting-karachi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Domestic workers from the [[Philippines]] are employed in Karachi's posh locales, while many of the city's teachers hail from [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="conflictedkarachi" /> Many Sri Lankans moved to Karachi due to the 2022 [[2019–present Sri Lankan economic crisis|Economic Crisis]] in Sri Lanka. Expatriates from China began migrating to Karachi in the 1940s, to work as dentists, chefs and shoemakers, while many of their descendants continue to live in Pakistan.<ref name="conflictedkarachi" /><ref>{{citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040715054506/http://dawn.com/report/lifestyles/mino1.htm |archive-date=15 July 2004 |url=http://dawn.com/report/lifestyles/mino1.htm |date=9 July 2001 |access-date=26 July 2009 |periodical=Dawn |title=The melting pot by the sea |last=Ramzi |first=Shanaz}}</ref> Chinese also reached Karachi after 2015 in large number due to the [[CPEC]] project. The city is also home to a small number of British and American expatriates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-14-mn-53634-story.html |title=After Slayings, Americans in Karachi Weigh Choices |website=Los Angeles Times |date=12 June 2009 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811110617/http://articles.latimes.com/1997/nov/14/news/mn-53634 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During [[World War II]], about 3,000 Polish refugees from the [[Soviet Union]], with some Polish families who chose to remain in the city after Partition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbj.pl/article-54930-polish-pakistan-relations-a-need-for-understanding.html |title=Warsaw Business Journal&nbsp;– Online Portal |publisher=wbj.pl |date=13 June 2011 |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304210743/http://www.wbj.pl/article-54930-polish-pakistan-relations-a-need-for-understanding.html |archive-date=4 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNENuKhDGfwC&pg=PA27 |title=The Exile Mission |access-date=14 June 2015 |isbn=9780821415269 |last1=Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann |first1=Anna D |year=2004 |publisher=Ohio University Press |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204064218/https://books.google.com/books?id=tNENuKhDGfwC&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Post-Partition Karachi also once had a sizable refugee community from post-revolutionary [[Iran]].<ref name="conflictedkarachi" />