Editing Jupiter (section)

===== Flyby missions =====
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+
|-
! Spacecraft
! Closest<br/>approach
! Distance (km)
|-
| ''[[Pioneer 10]]''
| December 3, 1973
| style="text-align: right;" | 130,000
|-
| ''[[Pioneer 11]]''
| December 4, 1974
| style="text-align: right;" | 34,000
|-
| ''[[Voyager 1]]''
| March 5, 1979
| style="text-align: right;" | 349,000
|-
| ''[[Voyager 2]]''
| July 9, 1979
| style="text-align: right;" | 570,000
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Ulysses probe|Ulysses]]''
| February 8, 1992<ref name="ulysses"/>
| style="text-align: right;" | 408,894
|-
| February 4, 2004<ref name="ulysses"/>
| style="text-align: right;" | 120,000,000
|-
| ''[[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini]]''
| December 30, 2000
| style="text-align: right;" | 10,000,000
|-
| ''[[New Horizons]]''
| February 28, 2007
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,304,535
|}

Beginning in 1973, several spacecraft performed planetary flyby manoeuvres that brought them within the observation range of Jupiter. The [[Pioneer program|Pioneer]] missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the radiation fields near the planet were much stronger than expected, but both spacecraft managed to survive in that environment. The trajectories of these spacecraft were used to refine the mass estimates of the [[Moons of Jupiter|Jovian system]]. [[Radio occultations]] by the planet resulted in better measurements of Jupiter's diameter and the amount of polar flattening.<ref name="burgess"/>{{rp|47}}<ref name="cosmology 101">{{cite web |last=Lasher |first=Lawrence |date=August 1, 2006 |url=http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/PNhome.html |title=Pioneer Project Home Page |publisher=NASA Space Projects Division |access-date=November 28, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060101001205/http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/PNhome.html |archive-date=January 1, 2006 }}</ref>

Six years later, the [[Voyager program|Voyager]] missions vastly improved the understanding of the [[Galilean moons]] and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic. Comparison of images showed that the Spot had changed hues since the Pioneer missions, turning from orange to dark brown. A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, which were found to come from erupting volcanoes on the moon's surface. As the spacecraft passed behind the planet, it observed flashes of lightning in the [[Terminator (solar)|night side]] atmosphere.<ref name="burgess"/>{{rp|87}}<ref name="voyager1">{{cite web |date=January 14, 2003 |url=http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/jupiter.html |title=Jupiter |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=November 28, 2006 |archive-date=June 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628073053/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/jupiter.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The next mission to encounter Jupiter was the ''[[Ulysses (spacecraft)|Ulysses]]'' solar probe. In February 1992, it performed a flyby manoeuvre to attain a [[polar orbit]] around the Sun. During this pass, the spacecraft studied Jupiter's magnetosphere, although it had no cameras to photograph the planet. The spacecraft passed by Jupiter six years later, this time at a much greater distance.<ref name="ulysses">{{Cite book | last1=Chan | first1=K. | title=Space OPS 2004 Conference | last2=Paredes | first2=E. S. | last3=Ryne | first3=M. S. | date=2004 | publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics | doi=10.2514/6.2004-650-447 | chapter=Ulysses Attitude and Orbit Operations: 13+ Years of International Cooperation }}</ref>

In 2000, the ''Cassini'' probe flew by Jupiter on its way to Saturn, and provided higher-resolution images.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hansen | first1=C. J. | last2=Bolton | first2=S. J. | last3=Matson | first3=D. L. | last4=Spilker | first4=L. J. | last5=Lebreton | first5=J.-P. |title=The Cassini–Huygens flyby of Jupiter |bibcode=2004Icar..172....1H |journal=Icarus |year=2004 |volume=172 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.018}}</ref>

The ''[[New Horizons]]'' probe flew by Jupiter in 2007 for a gravity assist en route to [[Pluto]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/news/nh_jupiter_oct09.html | date=October 9, 2007 | publisher=NASA | title=Pluto-Bound New Horizons Sees Changes in Jupiter System | access-date=February 26, 2021 | archive-date=November 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014401/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/news/nh_jupiter_oct09.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> The probe's cameras measured plasma output from volcanoes on Io and studied all four Galilean moons in detail.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/news/jupiter_system.html | title=Pluto-Bound New Horizons Provides New Look at Jupiter System | date=May 1, 2007 | publisher=NASA | access-date=July 27, 2007 | archive-date=December 12, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212052748/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/news/jupiter_system.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>