Editing Jersey (section)

== Demography ==
[[File:Mont Orgueil and Gorey harbour, Jersey.jpg|thumb|[[Mont Orgueil]] was built in the 13th century after its split from Normandy.]]

{{main|Demographics of Jersey}}
Censuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821. In the 2021 census, the total resident population was estimated to be 103,267, of whom 35% live in St Helier, the island's only town.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=Jersey Census 2021 Bulletin 1: Population characteristics |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |publisher=States of Jersey |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413165711/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately half the island's population was born in Jersey; 29% of the population were born elsewhere in the British Isles, 8% in continental Portugal or Madeira, 9% in other European countries and 5% elsewhere.<ref name="JerseyCensus-2022">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=Jersey Census 2021 Bulletin 1: Population characteristics |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |publisher=States of Jersey |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413165711/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Historical populations
|align=right
|1871|56627
|1951|55244
|1961|59489
|1971|69329
|1981|76050
|1991|84082
|2001|87186
|2011|97857
|2021|103,267
}}

=== Nationality and citizenship ===
[[Jersey people]] are the native nation on the island;{{r|Minahan 2000 349|Quayle 1815 48|IDBoard}} however, they do not form a majority of the population.<ref name="JerseyCensus-2022" /> Jersey people are often called Islanders or, in individual terms, Jerseyman or Jerseywoman. Jersey people did not generally identify themselves as English prior to [[Acts of Union 1707|the Union of Britain]]. Jersey was culturally and geographically much closer to Normandy and there were limited cross-Channel links. However, wars with France, including invasions of Jersey, grew loyalty to Britain over time and the French came more and more to be seen as a distinct people. By the start of the 19th century, Jersey people generally identified as British, which can be seen through the treatment of the Breton immigrants of the time as a distinct nation. The growth of the British migrant population strengthened the role of English and the British cultural influence. Finally, the introduction of compulsory education – which was exclusively in English – and the period of the Occupation reduced the traditional and Norman cultural influences and increased British cultural practices and pride in British nationhood among the island population.<ref name="Le Feuvre-1994">{{Cite book |last=Le Feuvre |first=David |title=JERSEY: Not quite British |publisher=Seaflower Books |year=1994 |location=Jersey}}</ref>

Nationality law in Jersey is conferred by the British Nationality Act 1981 extended to the island by an Order in Council with the consent of the States of Jersey. [[British nationality law]] confers British citizenship onto those with suitable connections to Jersey.<ref name="Nationality Act">{{Cite web |title=British Nationality Act 1981 |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810061_en_8#pt5-l1g57 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001142348/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810061_en_8 |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=14 September 2009 |website=Legislation, UK, Acts |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information]] |quote=the Islands" means the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man; [...] the United Kingdom" means Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the Islands, taken together}}</ref><ref name="Torrance-2022">{{Cite report |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8611/CBP-8611.pdf |title=The Crown Dependencies |last=Torrance |first=David |date=20 June 2022 |publisher=House of Commons Research Library |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014011359/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8611/CBP-8611.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Lieutenant Governor's office issues [[British passport]]s (specifically the [[Jersey-variant British passport|Jersey variant]]) to British citizens with a connection to Jersey by residency or birth.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1272536695678873600 |user=GovJersey |title=Islanders who apply for a passport will start to be issued the new blue Jersey variant British passport from this week |author=[[Government of Jersey]] |date=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Citizens Advice – Passports ( 2.7.1. ) |url=https://www.cab.org.je/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70:passports-271&catid=17&Itemid=49 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=www.cab.org.je |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204516/https://www.cab.org.je/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70:passports-271&catid=17&Itemid=49 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Immigration ===
Jersey is constitutionally entitled to restrict immigration<ref>{{Cite web |title=gov.je – Summary Policy |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/7AAC2805-37B6-4FC9-BA1A-E8F203D7949C/0/SummaryPolicy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407204016/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/7AAC2805-37B6-4FC9-BA1A-E8F203D7949C/0/SummaryPolicy.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> by non-Jersey residents, but control of immigration at the point of entry cannot be introduced for British, certain Commonwealth and EEA nationals without change to existing international law.<ref name="gov.je - Migration Monitoring and Regulation">{{Cite web |title=gov.je – Migration Monitoring and Regulation |url=http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/D332538A-503A-46E6-AA91-3CB7B7B382CB/0/P252005MigrationMonitoringandRegulation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021315/http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/D332538A-503A-46E6-AA91-3CB7B7B382CB/0/P252005MigrationMonitoringandRegulation.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>

Jersey is part of the [[Common Travel Area]] (CTA),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visas / entry clearances / work permit issue |url=https://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010113620/http://www2.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |archive-date=10 October 2007 |access-date=14 September 2009 |website=Home Affairs, Customs & Immigration, Immigration |publisher=States of Jersey |quote=Passengers arriving from outside of the Common Travel Area (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) will pass through an Immigration control.}}</ref> a zone which encompasses the Crown Dependencies, the United Kingdom and the [[Republic of Ireland]]. This means that for citizens of the Common Travel Area jurisdictions a passport is not required to travel from Jersey to any of these jurisdictions (or vice versa), though the Government recommends all travellers bring photo ID since it may need to be checked by customs or police officers, and is generally required by commercial transport providers into the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moving to Jersey: Customs and immigration |url=https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/CustomsImmigration.aspx |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=Government of Jersey |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122005017/https://www.gov.je/LifeEvents/MovingToJersey/LivingInJersey/Pages/CustomsImmigration.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the CTA, Jersey-born British citizens in the rest of the CTA and British and Irish citizens in Jersey have the right to access social benefits, access healthcare, access social housing support and to vote in general elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citizensinformation.ie |title=Common Travel Area between Ireland and the United Kingdom |url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/ireland_and_the_uk/common_travel_area_between_ireland_and_the_uk.html#l651c2 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=www.citizensinformation.ie |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195559/https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/ireland_and_the_uk/common_travel_area_between_ireland_and_the_uk.html#l651c2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

For non-CTA travel, Jersey maintains its own immigration<ref>{{Cite web |title=gov.je – Immigration |url=http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319021150/http://www.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/ |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> and border controls (although most travel into the Bailiwick is from the rest of the CTA), however UK immigration legislation may be extended to Jersey (subject to exceptions and adaptations) following consultation with Jersey and with Jersey's consent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Lords |title=Answer by Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Home Office, (Lord West of Spithead) in UK House of Lords 18 January 2010 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldhansrd/text/100118w0003.htm |access-date=31 May 2011 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511091445/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldhansrd/text/100118w0003.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

To control population numbers, Jersey operates a system of registration which restricts the right to live and work in the island according to certain requirements. To move to Jersey or work in Jersey, everyone (including Jersey-born people) must be registered and have a registration card. There are a number of statuses:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Residential and employment statuses<ref>{{Cite web |title=Residential and employment statuses and what they mean |url=https://www.gov.je/Working/Contributions/RegistrationCards/Pages/ResidentialStatus.aspx |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=[[Government of Jersey]] |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127124351/https://www.gov.je/working/contributions/registrationcards/pages/residentialstatus.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Status
!Requirements
!Housing
!Work
|-
|Entitled
|Most Jersey-born residents (permanently){{avoid wrap|Long-term residents (at least 10 years)}}
|Can buy, sell or lease any property
|Can work anywhere
|-
|Licensed
|Certain essential workers
|Can buy, sell or lease most property
|Permission required
|-
|Entitled to work
|Long-term residents (at least 5 years){{avoid wrap|Spouse or civil partner of someone who is entitled to work or higher.}}
|Can lease 'registered' property
|Can work anywhere
|-
|Registered
|All others
|Can lease 'registered' property
|Permission required
|}

==== History of immigration ====
Until the 19th century, there was generally limited immigration to the island, especially by English people. Jersey was quite far from Britain (taking days to travel between England and the islands){{fact|date=May 2024}} and culturally distinct (the locals predominantly speaking Norman French).<ref name="Le Feuvre-1994" /> However, from the 16th to 19th centuries, Jersey became home to French religious refugees, particularly Protestants after the repeal of the [[Edict of Nantes]].<ref name="Boleat-2014" />

From the early 19th century, the island's economic boom attracted economic migrants. By 1841, of the 47,544 population, 11,338 were born in the British Isles outside of Jersey. From the 1840s onwards, agricultural workers came from neighbouring Brittany and mainland Normandy, both due to the booming economy of Jersey and the economic situation in northern France. The new potato season coincided with the time of least agricultural activity in Brittany and Normandy. While many returned to France, some settled in the island.<ref name="Boleat-2014">{{Cite book |last=Boleat |first=Mark |url=https://www.boleat.com/materials/jerseys_population_1.pdf |title=Jersey's population – a history |year=2014 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200509/https://www.boleat.com/materials/jerseys_population_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between 1851 and 1921, the Jersey population fell by 12.8% (possibly up to 18%). The economic boom ended in the 1850s leading to significant emigration, including to British colonies. A 1901 report by the States concluded that by 1921, the number of births to foreign-born fathers would be equal to those to Jersey-born fathers, describing the immigration situation as a "formidable invasion, although peaceful", and predicted this would have a large impact on the island's socio-political situation.<ref name="Boleat-2014" />

After [[World War II]], when the island had only 55,244 residents, it saw a period of rapid population increase. By 1991, the population was 84,082. The booming tourism industry required a large volume of relatively low cost labour, so the island turned to [[Madeira]] for seasonal staff. Between 1961 and 1981, the Portuguese-born population grew 0.2% to 3.1% of the population. In 2021, this figure was 8%. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the new source of cheap labour for the island has been Polish people, whose population has grown from non-existent to 3%.<ref name="Boleat-2014" />

Immigration has helped give aspects of Jersey a distinct urban character, particularly in and around the parish of St Helier. This has led to ongoing debates about the incompatibility of development and sustainability throughout the island.<ref>Johnson, Henry (2016) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306058256_Encountering_Urbanization_on_Jersey_Development_Sustainability_and_Spatiality_in_a_Small_Island_Setting Encountering Urbanization on Jersey: Development, Sustainability, and Spatiality in a Small Island Setting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911063358/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306058256_Encountering_Urbanization_on_Jersey_Development_Sustainability_and_Spatiality_in_a_Small_Island_Setting |date=11 September 2016 }}. ''Urban Island Studies''.</ref>

=== Religion ===
[[File:Saint Thomas Roman Catholic church, Victoria Street, Jersey.jpg|thumb|St Thomas' Catholic Church in St Helier.]]
{{main|Religion in Jersey}}
Jersey's patron saint is [[Helier|Saint Helier]], after whom the capital town is named.<ref>{{cite web |title=Index to pages and links on St Helier's Church and the Saint (and his background) |url=https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/sthelier0.htm |website=Société Jersiaise |access-date=13 April 2025}}
* {{cite web|url=https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/geraint/helier.html |title=Saint Helier – Saint Hélyi – Saint Hélier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060311231037/http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/geraint/helier/|archive-date=11 March 2006 |website=Société Jersiaise}}</ref> From the fifth century, the island was under the Bishop of Coutances, until being transferred to the [[Diocese of Winchester]] in 1568.<ref name="About">{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.jerseydeanery.je/about |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Deanery of Jersey |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405202145/https://www.jerseydeanery.je/about |url-status=live }}</ref> Jersey became "formally attached" to the [[Diocese of Salisbury]] in November 2022.<ref>Salisbury diocese website</ref> The established church is the [[Church of England]], presided over in the island by the [[Dean of Jersey|Dean]], who is ''ex officio'' a States Member, but has no vote.<ref name="About"/> The primary churches are the parish churches, which are 12 ancient Anglican churches, one in each parish centre, though other churches do exist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Churches |url=https://www.jerseydeanery.je/churches |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Deanery of Jersey |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404212157/https://www.jerseydeanery.je/churches |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to a 2015 survey of islanders, 54% of adults have a religion. Christianity is the predominant religion in the island, with over half of islanders identifying as Christian in some form. The largest belief demographic is "no religion" with 39% of the population.<ref name="JASS152">{{cite book |url=http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS%202015%2020151202%20SU.pdf |title=Jersey Annual Social Survey: 2015 |publisher=States of Jersey |page=8 |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151311/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20JASS%202015%2020151202%20SU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Religion in Jersey<ref name="JASS152" />
!Religion
!Percentage (2015)
|-
|[[Irreligion|No religion]]
|39%
|-
|'''All religious'''
|'''54%'''
|-
|[[Anglican]]
|23%
|-
|[[Catholic]]
|22.5%
|-
|Other Christian
|6.8%
|-
|Other religion
|3%
|}