Editing Islamophobia (section)

==Trends==
{{Excessive citations|date=September 2021|section}}
Islamophobia has become a topic of increasing sociological and political importance.{{sfn|Miles|Brown|2003|p=163}} According to Benn and Jawad, Islamophobia has increased since [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]'s [[The Satanic Verses controversy#Fatwa by Ayatollah Khomeini|1989 fatwa]] inciting Muslims to attempt to murder [[Salman Rushdie]], the author of ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'', and since the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001.{{sfn|Benn|Jawad|2003|p=111}} [[Anthropologist]] [[Steven Vertovec]] writes that the purported growth in Islamophobia may be associated with increased Muslim presence in society and successes.<ref name="Vertovec">Steven Vertovec, "Islamophobia and Muslim Recognition in Britain"</ref>{{sfn|Haddad|2002|pp=32-33}} He suggests a [[Vicious circle|circular model]], where increased hostility towards Islam and Muslims results in governmental countermeasures such as institutional guidelines and changes to legislation, which itself may fuel further Islamophobia due to increased accommodation for Muslims in public life. Vertovec concludes: "As the public sphere shifts to provide a more prominent place for Muslims, Islamophobic tendencies may amplify."<ref name="Vertovec" />{{sfn|Haddad|2002|pp=32-33}}

[[File:02015-10-02 Der anti-islamische Protest in Polen (2015) - KORWiN.JPG|thumb|left|An anti-Islamic protest in Poland]]
Patel, Humphries, and Naik (1998) claim that "Islamophobia has always been present in Western countries and cultures. In the last two decades, it has become accentuated, explicit and extreme."<ref>Naina Patel, Beth Humphries and Don Naik, "The 3 Rs in social work; Religion,'race' and racism in Europe"</ref>{{sfn|Williams|Soydan|Johnson|1998|pp=197-8}} However, Vertovec states that some have observed that Islamophobia has not necessarily escalated in the past decades, but that there has been increased public scrutiny of it.<ref name="Vertovec" />{{sfn|Haddad|2002|pp=32-33}} According to Abduljalil Sajid, one of the members of the Runnymede Trust's Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, "Islamophobias" have existed in varying strains throughout history, with each version possessing its own distinct features as well as similarities or adaptations from others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamophobia: A new word for an old fear |url=http://www.wcrp.be/articles/Sajid9-11-04.htm |author=Imam Abduljalil Sajid |access-date=17 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930121111/http://www.wcrp.be/articles/Sajid9-11-04.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref>

In 2005 [[Ziauddin Sardar]], an [[Islamic scholar]], wrote in the ''New Statesman'' that Islamophobia is a widespread European phenomenon.<ref name=Sardar>[http://www.newstatesman.com/node/152128 "The next holocaust"], ''New Statesman'', 5 December 2005.</ref> He noted that each country has anti-Muslim political figures, citing [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]] in France; [[Pim Fortuyn]] in the Netherlands; and Philippe van der Sande of [[Vlaams Blok]], a [[Flemish people|Flemish]] nationalist party in Belgium. Sardar argued that Europe is "post-colonial, but ambivalent". Minorities are regarded as acceptable as an underclass of menial workers, but if they want to be upwardly mobile anti-Muslim prejudice rises to the surface. Wolfram Richter, professor of economics at [[Technical University of Dortmund]], told Sardar: "I am afraid we have not learned from our history. My main fear is that [[Holocaust|what we did to Jews]] we may now do to Muslims. The next holocaust would be against Muslims."<ref name=Sardar/> Similar fears, as noted by [[Kenan Malik]] in his book ''From Fatwa to Jihad'', had been previously expressed in the UK by Muslim philosopher [[Shabbir Akhtar]] in 1989, and Massoud Shadjareh, chair of the [[Islamic Human Rights Commission]] in 2000. In 2006 [[Salma Yaqoob]], a [[Respect Party]] Councillor, claimed that Muslims in Britain were "subject to attacks reminiscent of the gathering storm of anti-Semitism in the first decades of the last century."<ref name=malik131-2>Malik, Kenan. ''From Fatwa to Jihad''. Atlantic Books, London (2009): pp. 131–32.</ref> Malik, a senior visiting fellow in the Department of Political, International and Policy Studies at the [[University of Surrey]], has described these claims of a brewing holocaust as "hysterical to the point of delusion"; whereas Jews in Hitler's Germany were given the official designation of ''[[Untermenschen]]'', and were subject to escalating legislation which diminished and ultimately removed their rights as citizens, Malik noted that in cases where "Muslims are singled out in Britain, it is often for privileged treatment" such as the 2005 legislation banning "incitement to religious hatred", the special funding Muslim organizations and bodies receive from local and national government, the special provisions made by workplaces, school and leisure centres for Muslims, and even suggestions by the Archbishop of Canterbury [[Rowan Williams]] and the former Lord Chief Justice, [[Nicholas Phillips, Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers|Lord Phillips]], that [[sharia]] law should be introduced into Britain. The fact is, wrote Malik, that such well-respected public figures as Akhtar, Shadjareh and Yaqoob need "a history lesson about the real Holocaust reveals how warped the Muslim grievance culture has become."<ref name=malik132>Malik (2009): p. 132</ref>

[[File:Ground Zero Mosque Protesters 11.jpg|thumb|A protester opposing the [[Park51]] project carries an anti-sharia sign.]]
[[File:ARUNPATHAK5.JPG|thumb|[[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] politician [[Arun Pathak]] organised a celebration in Varanasi to commemorate the [[Demolition of Babri Masjid|1992 demolition of the Babri Masjid mosque]].]]
In 2006 [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] reported that "public views of Islam are one casualty of the post-September 11, 2001 conflict: Nearly six in 10 Americans think the religion is prone to [[violent extremism]], nearly half regard it unfavourably, and a remarkable one in four admits to prejudicial feelings against Muslims and Arabs alike." They also report that 27 percent of Americans admit feelings of prejudice against Muslims.<ref name=ABCMarch8>{{Cite news |last = Cohen |first = Jon |date = 2006-03-08 |title = Poll: Americans Skeptical of Islam and Arabs |publisher = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url = https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=1700599 |access-date = 2023-01-02}}</ref> Gallup polls in 2006 found that 40 percent of Americans admit to prejudice against Muslims, and 39 percent believe Muslims should carry special identification.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Story?id=2413473&page=2 "Islamophobia Felt 5 Years after 9/11"], ''Good Morning America'', 9 September 2006.</ref> These trends have only worsened with the use of Islamophobia as a campaign tactic during the 2008 American presidential election (with several Republican politicians and pundits, including Donald Trump, asserting that Democratic candidate Barack Obama is secretly a Muslim), during the 2010 mid-term elections (during which a proposed Islamic community center was dubbed the "Ground Zero Mosque"<ref>{{cite book|last=Corbett|first=Rosemary R.|title=Making Moderate Islam: Sufism, Service, and the Ground Zero Mosque Controversy|year=2016|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9781503600812}}</ref>), and the 2016 presidential election, during which Republican nominee Donald Trump proposed banning the entrance into the country of all Muslims. Associate Professor [[Deepa Kumar]] writes that "Islamophobia is about politics rather than religion per se"<ref name=Kumarbook>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Kumar|title=Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire|year=2012|publisher=Haymarket Books|isbn=978-1608462117|page=6}}</ref> and that modern-day demonization of Arabs and Muslims by US politicians and others is racist and Islamophobic, and employed in support of what she describes as an unjust war. About the public impact of this rhetoric, she says that "One of the consequences of the relentless attacks on Islam and Muslims by politicians and the media is that Islamophobic sentiment is on the rise." She also chides some "people on the left" for using the same "Islamophobic logic as the Bush regime".<ref name="Fighting Islamophobia">{{Cite web |last = Kumar |first = Deepa |author-link = Deepa Kumar |date = 2006-04-03 |title=Fighting Islamophobia: A Response to Critics |url = https://mronline.org/2006/04/03/fighting-islamophobia-a-response-to-critics/ |access-date = 2023-01-02}}</ref> In this regard, Kumar confirms the assertions of [[Stephen Sheehi]], who "conceptualises Islamophobia as an ideological formation within the context of the American empire. Doing so "allows us to remove it from the hands of 'culture' or from the myth of a single creator or progenitor, whether it be a person, organisation or community." An ideological formation, in this telling, is a constellation of networks that produce, proliferate, benefit from, and traffic in Islamophobic discourses."<ref>{{Cite web|last=InpaperMagazine|first=From|date=2012-07-08|title=COVER STORY: Islamophobia: an ideological formation|url=https://www.dawn.com/2012/07/08/cover-story-islamophobia-an-ideological-formation/|access-date=2023-01-02|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>

The writer and scholar on religion [[Reza Aslan]] has said that "Islamophobia has become so mainstream in this country that Americans have been trained to expect violence against Muslims&nbsp;– not excuse it, but expect it".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Freedman|first=Samuel G.|date=2012-08-10|title=If the Sikh Temple Had Been a Mosque|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/11/us/if-the-sikh-temple-had-been-a-muslim-mosque-on-religion.html|access-date=2023-01-02|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

A January 2010 [[British Social Attitudes Survey]] found that the British public "is far more likely to hold negative views of Muslims than of any other religious group," with "just one in four" feeling "positively about Islam", and a "majority of the country would be concerned if a mosque was built in their area, while only 15 per cent expressed similar qualms about the opening of a church."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Britain divided by Islam, survey finds|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=11 January 2010|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6965276/Britain-divided-by-Islam-survey-finds.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114211350/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6965276/Britain-divided-by-Islam-survey-finds.html|archive-date=14 January 2010|access-date=4 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref>

A 2016 report by [[Council on American–Islamic Relations|CAIR]] and [[University of California, Berkeley]]'s Center for Race and Gender said that groups promoting islamophobia in the US had access to US$206 million between 2008 and 2013. The author of the report said that "The hate that these groups are funding and inciting is having real consequences like attacks on mosques all over the country and new laws discriminating against Muslims in America."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/20/islamophobia-funding-cair-berkeley-report |title=The Guardian: Funding Islamophobia: $206m went to promoting 'hatred' of American Muslims |last1=Kazem |first1=Halima|date=20 June 2016 |website=The Guardian |access-date=24 June 2016 }}</ref>

In the United States, religious discrimination against Muslims has become a significant issue of concern. In 2018, The Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that out of the groups studied, Muslims are the most likely faith community to experience religious discrimination, the data having been that way since 2015. Despite 61% of Muslims reporting experiencing religious discrimination at some level and 62% reporting that most Americans held negative stereotypes about their community, &nbsp;23% reported that their faith made them feel "out of place in the world".<ref name=":0" /> There are intersections with racial identity and gender identity, with 73% of Arabs surveyed being more likely to experience religious discrimination, and Muslim women (75%) and youth (75%) being the most likely to report experiencing racial discrimination. The study also found that, although, "most Muslims (86%) express pride in their faith identity, they are the most likely group studied to agree that others want them to feel shame for that identity (30% of Muslims vs. 12% of Jews, 16% of non-affiliated, and 4–6% of Christian groups)."<ref name=":0" />

A 2021 survey affiliated with [[Newcastle University]] found that 83% of Muslims in Scotland said they experienced Islamophobia such as verbal or physical attacks. 75% of them said Islamophobia is a regular or everyday issue in Scottish society and 78% believed it was getting worse.<ref>{{cite web|last=Douglas Barrie|date=June 29, 2021|title=Islamophobia in Scotland on the rise as four-fifths of Muslims report verbal and physical attacks|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/islamophobia-in-scotland-on-the-rise-as-four-fifths-of-muslims-report-verbal-and-physical-attacks/ar-AALzqfv|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210702075300/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/islamophobia-in-scotland-on-the-rise-as-four-fifths-of-muslims-report-verbal-and-physical-attacks/ar-AALzqfv%23comments|archive-date=July 2, 2021|website=[[Microsoft News]]|publisher=[[Edinburgh Evening News]]}}</ref>

===Anti-Islamic hate crimes data in the United States===
[[File:Ground Zero Marine Protest Muslim Bomb.jpg|thumb|A mannequin symbolizing a Muslim in a [[keffiyeh]], strapped to a "Made in the USA" bomb display at a protest of [[Park51]] in [[New York City]]]]
[[File:Anti-Muslim protestors (26713859273) crop.jpg|thumb|A protest in Cincinnati, Ohio]]
[[File:Iranian Revolution anniversary 2017 21.jpg|thumb|[[Protests against Executive Order 13769]] in Tehran, [[Iran]], 10 February 2017]]

Data on types of hate crimes have been collected by the U.S. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] since 1992, to carry out the dictates of the 1990 [[Hate Crime Statistics Act]]. Hate crime offenses include crimes against persons (such as assaults) and against property (such as [[arson]]), and are classified by various race-based, religion-based, and other motivations.

The data show that recorded anti-Islamic hate crimes in the United States jumped dramatically in 2001. Anti-Islamic hate crimes then subsided, but continued at a significantly higher pace than in pre-2001 years. The step up is in contrast to decreases in total hate crimes and to the [[Crime rates in the United States|decline in overall crime in the U.S.]] since the 1990s.

Specifically, the FBI's annual hate crimes statistics reports from 1996 to 2013 document average numbers of anti-Islamic offenses at 31 per year before 2001, then a leap to 546 in 2001 (the year of [[9-11]] attacks), and averaging 159 per since. Among those offenses are anti-Islamic arson incidents which have a similar pattern: arson incidents averaged 0.4 per year pre-2001, jumped to 18 in 2001, and averaged 1.5 annually since.<ref name="fbiData">The FBI reports anti-Islamic [[hate crimes]] directed against persons or property its annual reports indexed here [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr-publications#Hate]. Data reported here are from the FBI Hate Crime reports of [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2013/tables/4tabledatadecpdf/table_4_offenses_offense_type_by_bias_motivation_2013.xls 2013], [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2012/tables-and-data-declarations/4tabledatadecpdf/table_4_offenses_offense_type_by_bias_motivation_2012.xls 2012], [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2011/tables/table-4 2011], [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2010/tables/table-4-offenses-offense-type-by-bias-motivation-2010.xls 2010], [https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2009/data/table_04.html 2009], [https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/data/table_04.html 2008], [https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2007/table_04.htm 2007], [https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/table4.html 2006], [https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2005/table4.htm 2005], [https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2004/hctable4.htm 2004], [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2003/hatecrime03.pdf 2003], [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2002/hatecrime02.pdf 2002], [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2001/hatecrime01.pdf 2001], [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2000/hatecrime00.pdf 2000], [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/1999/hatecrime99.pdf 1999], [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/1998/hatecrime98.pdf 1998], [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/1997/hatecrime97.pdf 1997], and [https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/1996/hatecrime96.pdf 1996]. Totals and averages reported here are derived as calculations from the FBI data.</ref>

Year-by-year anti-Islamic hate crimes, all hate crimes, and arson subtotals are as follows:
{|
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"|
| colspan="2"|'''Anti-Islamic hate crimes'''
| colspan="2"|'''All hate crimes'''
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| Year||Arson offenses||Total offenses||Arson offenses||Total offenses
|-
| 1996||0||33||75||10,706
|-
| 1997||1||31||60||9,861
|-
| 1998||0||22||50||9,235
|-
| 1999||1||34||48||9,301
|-
| 2000||0||33||52||9,430
|- style="background:Gainsboro;"
| 2001||18||546||90||11,451
|-
| 2002||0||170||38||8,832
|-
| 2003||2||155||34||8,715
|-
| 2004||2||193||44||9,035
|-
| 2005||0||146||39||8,380
|-
| 2006||0||191||41||9,080
|-
| 2007||0||133||40||9,006
|-
| 2008||5||123||53||9,168
|-
| 2009||1||128||41||7,789
|-
| 2010||1||186||42||7,699
|-
| 2011||2||175||42||7,254
|-
| 2012||4||149||38||6,718
|-
| 2013||1||165||36||6,933
|-
| ||||||||
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| Total||38||2,613||863||158,593
|- style="background:Gainsboro;"
| Average||2.1||145.2||47.9||8810.7
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| ||||||||
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| 1996–2000 avg||.40||30.6||57.0||9,707
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| 2001||18||546||90||11,451
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| 2002–2013 avg||1.50||159.5||40.7||8,217
|}
In contrast, the overall numbers of arson and total offenses declined from pre-2001 to post-2001.

===Anti-Islamic hate crimes in Europe===
There have also been reports of hate crimes targeting Muslims across Europe. These incidents have increased after terrorist attacks by extremist groups such as ISIL.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-34995431|title=Anti-Islam hate crimes triple in London after Paris attacks|work=BBC News|date=4 December 2015}}</ref> [[Far-right politics|Far-right]] and [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] political parties and organizations have also been accused of fueling fear and hatred towards Muslims.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-protests-germany-idUSKCN0VF0P4|title=Anti-Islam movement PEGIDA stages protests across Europe|date=6 February 2017|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/18/world/europe/marine-le-pens-anti-islam-message-gains-influence-in-france.html|title=Marine Le Pen's Anti-Islam Message Gains Influence in France|first=Adam|last=Nossiter|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/germanys-afd-adopts-anti-islam-stance-at-party-conference-1462120609|title=Germany's AfD Adopts Anti-Islam Stance at Party Conference|first=Ruth|last=Bender|date=1 May 2016|newspaper=Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/poland-populist-government-far-right-extremism/|title=Poland's populist government let far-right extremism explode into mainstream|first=Tim|last=Hume|date=9 May 2017|website=news.vice.com}}</ref> Hate crimes such as arson and physical violence have been attempted or have occurred in Norway,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.no/20160520/woman-attempted-to-set-fire-to-oslo-mosque|title=Woman attempted to set fire to Oslo mosque|date=20 May 2016}}</ref> Poland,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/kasia-narkowicz-konrad-pedziwiatr/why-are-polish-people-so-wrong-about-muslims-in|title=Why are Polish people so wrong about Muslims in their country?|date=13 January 2017|publisher=openDemocracy|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426124815/https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/kasia-narkowicz-konrad-pedziwiatr/why-are-polish-people-so-wrong-about-muslims-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamophobiaeurope.com/reports/2015/en/EIR_2015_POLAND.pdf|title=European Islamophobia Report|date=2015|publisher=SETA}}</ref> Sweden,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30658482|title=Sweden protest after three mosque fires in one week|work=BBC News|date=2 January 2015}}</ref> France,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/27/fears-of-anti-muslim-backlash-as-police-investigate-possible-ars/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/27/fears-of-anti-muslim-backlash-as-police-investigate-possible-ars/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Fears of anti-Muslim backlash as police investigate possible arson attack on French mosque|first1=David|last1=Chazan|first2=Lexi|last2=Finnigan|date=27 July 2016|newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Diallo |first=Rokhaya |date=2025-05-13 |title=A worshipper is murdered in a French mosque. How can this be ‘just another crime’? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/may/13/worshipper-murdered-french-mosque-politicians-crime-islamophobia |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Spain,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1282879|title=Spanish hooligans held for assault on hijab-wearing pregnant Muslim woman|date=8 September 2016}}</ref> Denmark,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cphpost.dk/news/muslim-school-in-denmark-vandalised-with-anti-islam-graffiti.html|title=Muslim School in Denmark Vandalised with Anti-Islam Graffiti|newspaper=The Copenhagen Post|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904233005/http://cphpost.dk/news/muslim-school-in-denmark-vandalised-with-anti-islam-graffiti.html|archive-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> Germany<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article194786317/Bremen-Nach-Messerangriff-in-Strassenbahn-nimmt-Polizei-Mann-fest.html|title=Bremen: Nach Messerangriff in Straßenbahn nimmt Polizei Mann fest|date=5 June 2019|newspaper=Die Welt}}</ref> and Great Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merkur.de/politik/london-anti-terror-ermittlungen-nach-toedlichem-zwischenfall-zr-8412371.html|title=Anschlag mit Lieferwagen auf Londoner Muslime|date=19 June 2017|website=www.merkur.de}}</ref> Politicians have also made anti-Muslim comments when discussing the [[European migrant crisis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/9/4/hungarian-pm-we-dont-want-more-muslims|title=Hungarian PM: We don't want more Muslims|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/21/the-next-e-u-president-says-islam-has-no-place-in-his-country/|title=Slovakia's leader said Islam has 'no place' in his country. Now he's taking a leadership role in the E.U.|first=Ishaan|last=Tharoor|website=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/02/poles-dont-want-immigrants-they-dont-understand-them-dont-like-them|title='Poles don't want immigrants. They don't understand them, don't like them'|first=Adam|last=Leszczyński|date=2 July 2015|newspaper=The Guardian }}</ref>

According to [[Yvonne Haddad]]: The Islamophobia Industry in America is "driven by neocon stars: Daniel Pipes, Robert Spencer, David Yerushalmi, Glenn Beck, Pamela Gellner, Paul Wolfowitz, David Horowitz, and Frank Gaffney as well as native informers Walid Shoebat, Walid Phares, Wafa Sultan, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Ibn Warraq, Brigitte Gabriel, Tawfik Hamid, and Zuhdi Jasser. They have been prolific, producing and re-circulating false or exaggerated information about Islam and Muslims in order to gain lucrative speaking engagements and increase their influence among neocons in government."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Haddad |first1 = Yvonne |author-link1 = Yvonne Haddad |last2= Harb |first2 = Nazir Nader |date=June 2014|title=Post-9/11: Making Islam an American Religion |journal = Religions |volume = 5 |issue=2 |pages = 477–501 |doi = 10.3390/rel5020477 |issn = 2077-1444 |doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Research on Islamophobia and its correlates===
[[File:Estimated Muslim population Vs Negative attitudes towards Muslims.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|According to data by the [[Pew Research Center]] elaborated by VoxEurop, in European Union countries the negative attitude towards Muslims is inversely proportional to actual presence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ricci |first1=Alexander Damiano |title=Negative attitude towards Muslims inversely proportional to actual presence |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Negative-attitude-towards-Muslims-inversely-proportional-to-actual-presence |access-date=4 March 2019 |work=VoxEurop/EDJNet |date=11 February 2019}}</ref>]]
Various studies have been conducted to investigate Islamophobia and its correlates among majority populations and among [[Muslim]] minorities themselves. To start with, an experimental study showed that anti-Muslim attitudes may be stronger than more general [[xenophobic]] attitudes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Spruyt | first1 = B. | last2 = Elchardus | first2 = M. | year = 2012 | title = Are anti-Muslim feelings more widespread than anti-foreigner feelings? Evidence from two split-sample experiments | doi = 10.1177/1468796812449707 | journal = Ethnicities | volume = 12| issue = 6| pages = 800–20| s2cid = 145497111 | url = https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubirfiles/68137725/Spruyt_Elchardus_ETN_2012.pdf }}</ref> Moreover, studies indicate that anti-Muslim prejudice among majority populations is primarily explained by the perception of Muslims as a cultural threat, rather than as a threat towards the respective nation's economy.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = González | first1 = K. V. | last2 = Verkuyten | first2 = M. | last3 = Weesie | first3 = J. | last4 = Poppe | first4 = E. | year = 2008 | title = Prejudice Towards Muslims in The Netherlands: Testing Integrated Threat Theory | doi = 10.1348/014466608x284443| journal = The British Journal of Social Psychology | volume = 47 | issue = 4| pages = 667–85 | pmid = 18284782 | url = https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/2706988/VelascoGonzalezK-Prejudice-2008.pdf | hdl = 11370/1faf663e-15b0-4391-aac2-b3a56b417887 | s2cid = 39911409 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Savelkoul | first1 = M. | last2 = Scheepers | first2 = P. | last3 = Tolsma | first3 = J. | last4 = Hagendoorn | first4 = L. | year = 2010 | title = Anti-Muslim attitudes in the Netherlands: Tests of contradictory hypotheses derived from ethnic competition theory and intergroup contact theory | doi = 10.1093/esr/jcq035 | journal = European Sociological Review | volume = 27 | issue = 6| pages = 741–58 | hdl = 2066/99505 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schlueter | first1 = E. | last2 = Scheepers | first2 = P. | year = 2010 | title = The relationship between outgroup size and anti-outgroup attitudes: A theoretical synthesis and empirical test of group threat- and intergroup contact theory | doi = 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.07.006 | journal = Social Science Research | volume = 39 | issue = 2| pages = 285–95 | url = https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/the-relationship-between-outgroup-size-and-antioutgroup-attitudes(a16d7bfe-0b28-4542-b8b1-2db75a3714e9).html | hdl = 11370/a16d7bfe-0b28-4542-b8b1-2db75a3714e9 | s2cid = 131765316 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

Studies focusing on the experience of Islamophobia among Muslims have shown that the experience of [[religious discrimination]] is associated with lower national identification and higher religious identification.<ref name=kunst2012a>{{cite journal | last1 = Kunst | first1 = J. R. | last2 = Tajamal | first2 = H. | last3 = Sam | first3 = D. L. | last4 = Ulleberg | first4 = P. | year = 2012 | title = Coping with Islamophobia: The effects of religious stigma on Muslim minorities' identity formation | doi = 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.12.014 | journal = International Journal of Intercultural Relations | volume = 36 | issue = 4| pages = 518–32 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/812012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Verkuyten | first1 = M. | last2 = Yildiz | first2 = A. A. | year = 2007 | title = National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims | doi = 10.1177/0146167207304276 | pmid = 17933739 | journal = Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin | volume = 33 | issue = 10| pages = 1448–62 | s2cid = 24997994 | url = https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/national-disidentification-and-ethnic-and-religious-identity(7a25d4ce-7574-47ac-aac9-ebed396dc934).html | hdl = 11370/7a25d4ce-7574-47ac-aac9-ebed396dc934 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> In other words, religious discrimination seems to lead Muslims to increase their identification with their religion and to decrease their identification with their nation of residence. Some studies further indicate that societal Islamophobia negatively influences Muslim minorities' health.<ref name=kunst2012b/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Johnston | first1 = D. | last2 = Lordan | first2 = G. | year = 2011 | title = Discrimination makes me sick! An examination of the discrimination–health relationship | doi = 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.12.002 | pmid = 22366167 | journal = Journal of Health Economics | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 99–111 }}</ref> One of the studies showed that the perception of an Islamophobic society is associated with more [[psychological problem]]s, such as [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[Neuroticism|nervousness]], regardless whether the respective individual had personally experienced religious [[discrimination]].<ref name=kunst2012b/> As the authors of the study suggest, [[anti-discrimination law]]s may therefore be insufficient to fully protect Muslim minorities from an environment which is hostile towards their religious group.

[[Farid Hafez]] and Enes Bayrakli publish an annual [[European Islamophobia Report]] since 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.islamophobiaeurope.com/|title=European Islamophobia}}</ref> The European Islamophobie Report aims to enable policymakers as well as the public to discuss the issue of Islamophobia with the help of qualitative data. It is the first report to cover a wide range of Eastern European countries like Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, and Latvia. Farid Hafez is also editor of the German-English [[Islamophobia Studies Yearbook]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jahrbuch-islamophobie.de/|title=Jahrbuch für Islamophobieforschung|first=Farid|last=Hafez|publisher=Islamophobieforschung|access-date=28 July 2023|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518234202/https://jahrbuch-islamophobie.de/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Regional trends===
====Anti-Muslim sentiment in Europe====
{{see also|Eurabia conspiracy theory}}
Muslim immigration into Europe has led some critics to label Islam incompatible with secular Western society.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{Cite book| title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach | url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo | url-access=limited | author=Tariq Modood | publisher=Routledge | edition=1st | date=6 April 2006 | isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n17 3], 29, 46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Kilpatrick | first =William | title =The Politically Incorrect Guide to Jihad | publisher =Regnery | date =2016 | pages =256 | isbn =978-1621575771 }}</ref> This criticism has been partly influenced by a stance against [[multiculturalism]] advocated by recent philosophers, closely linked to the heritage of [[New Philosophers]], including the likes of [[Pascal Bruckner]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pascal Bruckner: Enlightenment fundamentalism or racism of the anti-racists? (24/01/2007) - signandsight |url=http://www.signandsight.com/features/1146.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.signandsight.com}}</ref><ref>Pascal Bruckner – A reply to [[Ian Buruma]] and Timothy Garton Ash: "At the heart of the issue is the fact that in certain countries Islam is becoming Europe's second religion. As such, its adherents are entitled to freedom of religion, to decent locations and to all of our respect. On the condition, that is, that they themselves respect the rules of our republican, secular culture, and that they do not demand a status of extraterritoriality that is denied other religions, or claim special rights and prerogatives"</ref><ref>Pascal Bruckner – A reply to Ian Buruma and Timothy Garton Ash "It's so true that many English, Dutch and German politicians, shocked by the excesses that the wearing of the Islamic veil has given way to, now envisage similar legislation curbing religious symbols in public space. The separation of the spiritual and corporeal domains must be strictly maintained, and belief must confine itself to the private realm."</ref><ref name=mnali>{{cite news | title = Extremism flourished as UK lost Christianity | author-link = Michael Nazir-Ali | first = Michael | last = Nazir-Ali | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/01/06/nislam206.xml | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080110080819/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/01/06/nislam206.xml | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 January 2008 | newspaper = [[The Sunday Telegraph]] | date = 6 January 2008 | location=London}}</ref> Jocelyne Cesari, in her study of discrimination against Muslims in Europe,<ref name="CesariStudy">{{cite web |last=Cesari |first=Jocelyne |date=2006-06-01 |title=Muslims In Western Europe After 9/11: Why the term Islamophobia is more a predicament than an explanation |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/securitization_and_religious_divides_in_europe.pdf |website=Euro-Islam Info}}</ref> finds that anti-Islamic sentiment may be difficult to separate from other drivers of discrimination. Because Muslims are mainly from immigrant backgrounds and the largest group of immigrants in many Western European countries, [[xenophobia]] overlaps with Islamophobia, and a person may have one, the other, or both. So, for example, some people who have a negative perception of and attitude toward Muslims may also show this toward non-Muslim immigrants, either as a whole or certain group (such as, for example, Eastern Europeans, sub-Saharan Africans, or Roma), whereas others would not.

{{bar box
|float=left
|title=Unfavourable views of Muslims in Europe, 2019<ref name="auto"/>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1='''Country'''
|right1='''Percent'''
|width=400px
|bars=

{{bar percent|[[Slovakia]]|peru|77}}
{{bar percent|[[Poland]]|peru|66}}
{{bar percent|[[Czech Republic]]|peru|64}}
{{bar percent|[[Hungary]]|peru|58}}
{{bar percent|[[Greece]]|peru|57}}
{{bar percent|[[Lithuania]]|peru|56}}
{{bar percent|[[Italy]]|peru|55}}
{{bar percent|[[Spain]]|darkorange|42}}
{{bar percent|[[Sweden]]|orange|28}}
{{bar percent|[[Netherlands]]|orange|28}}
{{bar percent|[[Germany]]|gold|24}}
{{bar percent|[[France]]|gold|22}}
{{bar percent|[[Russia]]|gold|19}}
{{bar percent|[[United Kingdom]]|gold|18}}

}}

The [[European Network Against Racism]] (ENAR) reports that Islamophobic crimes are on the increase in France, England and Wales. In Sweden crimes with an Islamophobic motive increased by 69% from 2009 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last=Draper |first=Lucy |date=6 May 2015 |title=New report exposes huge rise in racist crime in Europe |url=https://www.newsweek.com/new-report-exposes-huge-rise-racist-crime-europe-326929 |website=Newsweek}}</ref>

An increase of Islamophobia in Russia follows the growing influence of the strongly conservative sect of [[Wahhabism]], according to Nikolai Sintsov of the National Anti-Terrorist Committee.<ref name=rbth130625>{{cite news|url=http://rbth.ru/news/2013/06/25/wahhabism_expansion_in_russia_leads_to_growth_of_islamophobia_-_national_27468.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823060520/http://rbth.ru/news/2013/06/25/wahhabism_expansion_in_russia_leads_to_growth_of_islamophobia_-_national_27468.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2013|title=Wahhabism expansion in Russia leads to growth of Islamophobia – National Anti-Terrorist Committee|date=25 June 2013|newspaper=Rossiyskaya Gazeta}}</ref>

Various translations of the Qur'an have been banned by the Russian government for promoting extremism and [[Supremacism#Islamic|Muslim supremacy]].<ref name="guardian131008">{{cite news |author=Kalder |first=Daniel |date=8 October 2013 |title=Russian court bans Qur'an translation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/oct/08/russian-court-bans-quran-translation |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2013/1009/Russia-blacklists-translation-of-the-Quran|title=Russia blacklists translation of the Quran|date=9 Oct 2013|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|author=Husna Haq}}</ref> Akhmed Yarlikapov, an expert on Islam, said the Bible too could be banned just as easily for identical motives.<ref name=":4">{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2013/1009/Russia-blacklists-translation-of-the-Quran|title=Russia blacklists translation of the Quran|date=9 Oct 2013|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|author=Husna Haq}}</ref>

Anti-Muslim rhetoric is on the rise in Georgia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21587829-georgia-appears-have-moved-backwards-under-bidzina-ivanishvili-no-change-better|title=No change for the better: Georgia appears to have moved backwards under Bidzina Ivanishvili|date=12 Oct 2013|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> In Greece, Islamophobia accompanies anti-immigrant sentiment, as immigrants are now 15% of the country's population and 90% of the EU's illegal entries are through Greece.<ref name="gm110103">{{cite news|title=Rising tide of Islamophobia engulfs Athens|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/rising-tide-of-islamophobia-engulfs-athens/article560119/|date=3 Jan 2011|newspaper=Globe and Mail|location=Toronto}}</ref> In France Islamophobia is tied, in part, to the nation's long-standing tradition of secularism.<ref name="local130215">{{cite news|url=http://www.thelocal.fr/20130215/islamophobia-has-become-trivialised-in-france|title=Islamophobia has been trivialized in France|date=15 February 2013|newspaper=The Local|author=Ben McPartland}}</ref> With the popularization of the Bulgarian nationalist party [[Attack (political party)|ATAKA]], Islamophobia in Bulgaria also showed an increase. The party itself participated in the 2011 [[Banya Bashi Mosque clashes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Сблъсъци пред джамията "Баня баши" в София - Портал ЕВРОПА |url=http://old.europe.bg/htmls/page.php?category=5&id=36063 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=old.europe.bg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Penchev |first=Pencho |title=The opportunistic national-populism of the Bulgarian political party Ataka in a historical perspective |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278675533 |journal=L'Europe a Contre-Pied: Ideologie Populiste et Extremisme de Droite en Europe Centrale et Orientale |pages=75–89}}</ref>

====Anti-Muslim sentiment elsewhere====
[[File:Rohingya displaced Muslims 010.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Rohingya people|Rohingya Muslim]] refugees fleeing violence in Buddhist-majority [[Myanmar]] in October 2017]]
A report from Australia has found that "except for Anglicans, all Christian groups have Islamophobia scores higher than the national average" and that "among the followers of non-Christian religious affiliations, [[Buddhists]] and [[Hindus]] [also] have significantly higher Islamophobia scores."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unisa.edu.au/Global/EASS/MnM/Publications/Islamophobia_report.pdf |title=Islamophobia, social distance and fear of terrorism in Australia: a preliminary report |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004072601/http://www.unisa.edu.au/Global/EASS/MnM/Publications/Islamophobia_report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Following the [[2015 San Bernardino attack|San Bernardino attack]] in 2015, [[Donald Trump]], then a candidate for President, proposed "a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States, until we can figure out what the hell is going on".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-08 |title=Donald Trump: ban all Muslims entering US |url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/07/donald-trump-ban-all-muslims-entering-us-san-bernardino-shooting |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Throughout the campaign, Trump repeatedly described Islam and Muslim immigrants and refugees as a threat to the [[Western world|West]], and condemned then-current President [[Barack Obama]] for not referring to [[Islamic State]] militants as "Islamic terrorists" or "radical Muslims", accusing Obama of cowardice in the face of radical Islam and claiming that Obama had "founded ISIS" through his foreign policy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Obama lashes out at Trump, says using the phrase 'radical Islam' is 'not a strategy' |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/06/14/obama-lashes-out-on-loose-talk-on-terrorism-islam/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald Trump: President Barack Obama 'Is the Founder of ISIS' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-president-barack-obama-founder-isis/story?id=41286869 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> Trump's rhetoric was condemned by his opponent, [[Hillary Clinton]], as well as numerous Muslim advocacy groups and activists, and became a focal issue in the [[2016 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |title=Clinton, Trump spar over Islamophobia, Syrian refugees |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/2016/10/09/clinton-trump-spar-over-islamophobia-syrian-refugees/91835278/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2016, the [[South Thailand insurgency|South Thailand Insurgency]], having caused more than 6,500 deaths and purportedly fuelled in part by the Thai military's harsh tactics,<ref>{{cite web|last=Joshua Kurlantzick|date=October 20, 2016|title=A New Approach to Thailand's Insurgency|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/new-approach-thailands-insurgency|access-date=2021-09-14|website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|language=en}}</ref> was reported to be increasing Islamophobia in the country.<ref>{{Citation|last=Andre|first=Virginie|title=Thai Cyber-Actors: Evidence of an Islamophobic Effect|date=2016|work=Fear of Muslims? International Perspectives on Islamophobia|pages=111–130|series=Boundaries of Religious Freedom: Regulating Religion in Diverse Societies|publication-place=[[Deakin University]]|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]]|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-29698-2_8|isbn=978-3-319-29698-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 2016|title=Islamophobia on the rise in Thailand's North|url=https://kbr.id/english/05-2016/islamophobia_on_the_rise_in_thailand_s_north/81308.html|access-date=2021-09-14|website=[[KBR (news agency)]]}}</ref> The [[Mindanao Conflict|Mindanao conflict]] in the Philippines has also fuelled discrimination against Muslims by some Christian Filipinos.<ref>{{cite web|last=Amina Rasul|date=2007|title=Radicalisation of Muslims in the Philippines|url=https://www.kas.de/documents/252038/253252/7_dokument_dok_pdf_12802_1.pdf/5ae94b8d-f7f3-4e5a-6102-6867dbb7795e?version=1.0&t=1539663806495|website=[[Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Zempi|first1=Irene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LceHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT516|title=The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia|last2=Awan|first2=Imran|date=2019-02-11|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-351-13553-5|location=United Kingdom|page=516|language=en}}</ref>

The [[2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka]] was suggested to have been a possible trigger for the [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings|2019 Easter bombings]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Meera|date=2019-04-27|title=Sri Lanka Easter blasts: 'Anti-Muslim riots a possible trigger'|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sri-lanka-easter-blasts-anti-muslim-riots-a-possible-trigger/article26960071.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Muslims in the country have reportedly faced increased harassment after the bombings, with some [[Sinhala Buddhist nationalism|Sinhala Buddhist]] groups calling for boycotts of Muslim businesses and trade.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kadirgamar|first=Niyanthini|date=2019-08-01|title=The perils of being a woman and a Muslim in Sri Lanka|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-perils-of-being-a-woman-and-a-muslim/article28775384.ece|access-date=2021-09-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Canada, Germany and France, signed a joint letter to the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UNHRC]] condemning China's mistreatment of the [[Uyghurs]] as well as its mistreatment of other [[Islam in China|Muslim]] minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the [[Xinjiang internment camps]],<ref>{{cite web |title=More than 20 ambassadors condemn China's treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/11/more-than-20-ambassadors-condemn-chinas-treatment-of-uighurs-in-xinjiang |work=The Guardian|date=11 July 2019}}</ref> though ambassadors from 53 others, not including China, rejected said allegations.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 October 2019|title=Joint Statement on Xinjiang at Third Committee|url=http://statements.unmeetings.org/media2/23328878/belarus-joint-statement-cerd-chair-oct-29.pdf|access-date=13 August 2020|website=unmeetings.org|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011191511/http://statements.unmeetings.org/media2/23328878/belarus-joint-statement-cerd-chair-oct-29.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to a 2020 report by the [[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]], since 2017, Chinese authorities have destroyed or damaged 16,000 mosques in Xinjiang – 65% of the region's total.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Davidson|first=Helen|date=2020-09-25|title=Thousands of Xinjiang mosques destroyed or damaged, report finds|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/25/thousands-of-xinjiang-mosques-destroyed-damaged-china-report-finds|access-date=2020-09-26|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Skopeliti|first=Clea|date=25 September 2020|title=China: Nearly two-thirds of Xinjiang mosques damaged or demolished, new report shows|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/xinjiang-mosques-destroyed-damaged-china-uighurs-b597919.html|access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref>

Emigrants from nearly every predominantly Muslim country have immigrated to Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/home/index.cfm|title=Census of Canada: Census of Population, Census of Agriculture|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227125053/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/home/index.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to a 2013 poll, 54% of Canadians had an unfavourable view of Islam, which was higher than for any other religion (Hinduism, Sikhism etc.).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angusreidglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Canadians-view-non-Christian-religions-with-uncertainty-dislike.pdf|title=Canadian Public Opinion Poll|date=2 October 2013|website=angusreidglobal.com|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042415/http://angusreidglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Canadians-view-non-Christian-religions-with-uncertainty-dislike.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[2020 Delhi riots]], which left more than 50 dead and hundreds injured,<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi riots: Violence that killed 53 in Indian capital 'was anti-Muslim pogrom', says top expert |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/world/delhi-riots-pogrom-violence-deaths-modi-bjp-india-police-a9384891.html |work=The Independent |date=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=For Jews, the New Delhi riots have a painfully familiar ring |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/for-jews-the-new-delhi-riots-have-a-painfully-familiar-ring/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=11 March 2020}}</ref> were triggered by protests against a [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|citizenship law]] seen by many critics as anti-Muslim and part of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s [[Hindu nationalist]] agenda.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Muslim violence in Delhi serves Modi well |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/26/violence-delhi-modi-project-bjp-citizenship-law |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2020}}</ref> In [[Myanmar]] the [[969 Movement]] has been accused of events such as the [[2012 Rakhine State riots]].