Editing Islamic philosophy (section)

=== Free will and predestination ===

The issue of free will versus predestination is one of the "most contentious topics in classical Islamic thought."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cillis|first1=Maria|title=Free Will and Predestination in Islamic Thought: Theoretical Compromises in the Works of Avicenna, al-Ghazali and Ibn 'Arabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YliAgAAQBAJ&q=predestination&pg=PA142|isbn=9781317937043|date=2013-12-17|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> In accordance with the Islamic belief in [[predestination]], or divine preordainment (''al-qadā wa'l-qadar''), God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as "Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us: He is our protector'..."<ref>
* {{qref|9|51|b=y}}
* {{Harvtxt|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."&nbsp;'&nbsp;"
* {{Cite encyclopedia | title=Fate | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online | author=Ahmet T. Karamustafa }}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".
</ref> For Muslims, everything in the world that occurs, good or bad, has been preordained and nothing can happen unless permitted by God. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in ''al-Lawh al-Mahfūz'', the "Preserved Tablet".<ref>
* {{Harvtxt|Farah|2003|pp=119–22}}
* {{Harvtxt|Patton|1900|p=130}}
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