Editing Islamic eschatology (section)

==== Maturidism ====
{{further|Maturidi}}
Māturīdism ({{langx|ar|الماتريدية}}: ''al-Māturīdiyyah'') is also one of the main [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[schools of Islamic theology]]<ref name="Rudolph 2016">{{cite book |author-last=Rudolph |author-first=Ulrich |year=2016 |orig-date=2014 |chapter=Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Ḥanafī Theological Tradition and Māturīdism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA280 |editor-last=Schmidtke |editor-first=Sabine |editor-link=Sabine Schmidtke |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=280–296 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.023 |isbn=9780199696703 |lccn=2016935488}}</ref> developed and formalized by the [[Islamic scholar]], [[Hanafi|Ḥanafī]] [[Faqīh|jurist]] [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi|Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī]] in the 10th century.<ref name="Rudolph 2016"/> Māturīdi scholars are thought to have been less optimistic about the chances of sinners entering paradise than Ash'aris,  but more optimistic than Muʿtazila.<ref name=CLPaHiIT2016:177-78/>  They agree that Muslims who have committed grave sins will be punished but generally acknowledge that even these people will eventually enter paradise.<ref name="Lange-2016"/>{{rp|p=177}}<ref name=CLPaHiIT2016:177>[[#CLPaHiIT2016|Lange, ''Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions'',  2016]]: p.177</ref> Regarding the fate of non-Muslims, scholars have different opinions.<ref name="Rationalistic">{{cite book |author1-last=Isaacs|author1-first=Rico|author2-last=Frigerio|author2-first=Alessandro |year=2018 |orig-date=|chapter= Pluralism in Jewish, Christian and Muslim thought|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSt1DwAAQBAJ&dq=maturidi+salvation&pg=PA110 |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |title=Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power |location= |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |pages= |doi= |isbn=9783319973555|lccn=}}</ref>{{rp|p=110}} Māturīdism holds people responsible for believing in a [[Creator deity|creator]] due to their intellectual capacities, even if they haven't heard about any prophetic mission.<ref name="Zhussipbek">"Zhussipbek, Galym, and Bakhytzhan Satershinov. "Search for the theological grounds to develop inclusive Islamic interpretations: Some insights from rationalistic Islamic Maturidite theology." Religions 10.11 (2019): 609.</ref>{{rp|p=5}}<ref name="Pluralism">{{cite book |author1-last=Solomon |author1-first=Norman |author2-last=Harries |author2-first=Richard |year=2014 |orig-date= |chapter= Pluralism in Jewish, Christian and Muslim thought|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQfUAwAAQBAJ |editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link= |title=Abraham's Children: Jews, Christians and Muslims in Conversation |location= |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |pages=|doi= |isbn=9780567081612 |lccn=0567081613}}</ref>{{rp|p=215}}<ref name="Rationalistic"/>{{rp|p=110}} While some (like [[Rifat Atay]]) regard Māturīdism to be exclusivistic, only allowing people who are Muslims to enter paradise,<ref name="Rationalistic"/>{{rp|p=110}} others argue that Māturīdi understood that "to believe in Islam" meant having a subjective conceptualization of God and his laws by reason alone. This fits the doctrine, upheld by Māturīdism, that human reason suffices to grasp good and evil, and arrive at religious truths.<ref name="Rationalistic"/>{{rp|p=109}} Accordingly, people are judged by their degree of understanding God's universal law, not by their adherence to a particular belief system.<ref name="Pluralism"/>{{rp|p=215}}<ref name="Rationalistic"/>{{rp|p=110}} In modern times, [[Yohei Matsuyama]] largely agrees with this interpretation.<ref name="Zhussipbek"/>{{rp|p=5}} According to Abu'l-Qasim Ishaq, children cannot be considered unbelievers, thus all of them go to paradise.<ref>Tritton, A. S. "An Early Work from the School of Al-Māturīdī." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 3/4, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1966, pp. 96–99, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25202926.</ref>