Editing Home Army (section)

====Attitude to fugitives====
[[File:Biuletyn Informacyjny 2 września 1943.JPG|thumb|1943 ''[[Biuletyn Informacyjny|Information Bulletin]]'' article on ''[[Kedyw]]'' execution of ''[[szmalcownik]]'' Jan Grabiec, who had blackmailed residents of villages that hid Jews]]
Because it was the largest Polish resistance organization, the Home Army's attitude towards Jewish fugitives often determined their fate.<ref name="Armstrong 1994"/> According to Antony Polonsky the Home Army saw Jewish fugitives as security risks.{{r|Cesarani & Kavanaugh|p=66|q=In general, though, the Home Army tended to see individual Jewish fugitives as security risks that were likely to endanger its own position.}} At the same time, AK's "paper mills" supplied [[Identity document forgery|forged identification documents]] to many Jewish fugitives, enabling them to pass as Poles.<ref name="Snyder 2015"/>{{rp|275}} Home Army published a leaflet in 1943 stating that "Every Pole is obligated to help those in hiding. Those who refuse them aid will be punished on the basis of...treason to the Polish Nation".{{sfnp|Zimmerman|2015|p=194}} Nevertheless, Jewish historians have asserted that the main cause for the low survival rates of escaping Jews was the [[antisemitism]] of the Polish population.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Wilhelm Heitmeyer|author2=John Hagan|title=International Handbook of Violence Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4mqsik_VDcC&pg=PA154|date=19 December 2005|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-3980-5|page=154}}</ref>

Attitudes towards Jews in the Home Army were mixed.{{sfnp|Zimmerman|2015|p=418}} A few AK units actively hunted down Jews,{{r|Bauer 1989|p=238}}{{r|Connelly 2012}} and in particular two district commanders in the northeast of Poland (Władysław Liniarski of Białystok and Janusz Szlaski of Nowogródek) openly and routinely persecuted Jewish partisans and fugitives;{{sfnp|Zimmerman|2015|pp=267-298}} however, these were the only two provinces, out of seventeen, where such orders were issued by provincial commanders.<ref>Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2 July 2015). "Rethinking the Polish Underground". Interview in Yeshiva University News.</ref> The extent of such behaviors in the Home Army overall has been disputed;{{r|Piotrowski|pp=88-90}}<ref name="Eliach"/> [[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Tadeusz Piotrowski]] wrote that the bulk of the Home Army's antisemitic behavior can be ascribed to a small minority of members,{{r|Piotrowski|pp=88–90}} often affiliated with the far-right [[National Democracy (Poland)|National Democracy]] (ND, or ''Endecja'') party, whose [[National Armed Forces]] organization was mostly integrated into the Home Army in 1944.{{r|Paulsson 2002|p=17}}{{r|Paulsson 2002|p=45}} [[Adam Puławski]] has suggested that some of these incidents are better understood in the context of the Polish–Soviet conflict, as some of the [[Soviet partisans in Poland|Soviet-affiliated partisan units]] that AK units attacked or was attacked by had a sizable Jewish presence.<ref name="pis2003"/> In general, AK units in the east were more likely to be hostile towards Jewish partisans, who in turn were more closely associated with the Soviet underground, while AK units in the west were more helpful towards the Jews. The Home Army had a more favorable attitude towards Jewish civilians and was more hesitant or hostile towards independent Jewish partisans, whom it suspected of pro-Soviet sympathies.{{sfnp|Zimmerman|2015|p=299}} General Rowecki believed that antisemitic attitudes in eastern Poland were related to Jewish involvement with Soviet partisans.{{sfnp|Zimmerman|2015|p=189}} Some AK units were friendly to Jews,{{sfnp|Zimmerman|2015|p=346}} and in Hanaczów Home Army officers hid and protected an entire 250-person Jewish community, and supplied a Jewish Home Army platoon.{{sfnp|Zimmerman|2015|pp=314-318}} The Home Army leadership punished a number of perpetrators of antisemitic violence in its ranks, in some cases sentencing them to death.{{r|Piotrowski|pp=88-90}}

Most of the underground press was sympathetic towards Jews,{{sfnp|Zimmerman|2015|p=188}} and the Home Army's Bureau of Information and Propaganda was led by operatives who were pro-Jewish and represented the liberal wing of Home Army;{{sfnp|Zimmerman|2015|p=188}} however, the bureau's anti-communist sub-division, created as a response to communist propaganda, was led by operatives who held strong anti-communist and anti-Jewish views, including the ''[[Żydokomuna]]'' stereotype.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zalesiński|first=Łukasz|date=2017|title=Żołnierze akcji "Antyk" kontra komuniści|work=Polska Zbrojna|url=http://www.polska-zbrojna.pl/home/articleshow/23942?t=Zolnierze-akcji-Antyk-kontra-komunisci}}</ref>{{sfnp|Zimmerman|2015|p=188}} The perceived association between Jews and communists was actively reinforced by [[Operation Antyk]], whose initial reports "tended to conflate communists with Jews, dangerously disseminating the notion that Jewish loyalties were to Soviet Russia and communism rather than to Poland", and which repeated the notion that antisemitism was a "useful tool in the struggle against Soviet Russia".{{sfnp|Zimmerman|2015|pp=208, 357}}