Editing Holocene (section)

==Extinction event==
{{Main|Holocene extinction}}
The [[Holocene extinction]], otherwise referred to as the ''sixth mass extinction'' or ''Anthropocene extinction'',<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wagler|first1=Ron|year=2011|title=The Anthropocene Mass Extinction: An Emerging Curriculum Theme for Science Educators|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article/73/2/78/18301/The-Anthropocene-Mass-Extinction-An-Emerging|journal=The American Biology Teacher|volume=73|issue=2|pages= 78–83|doi=10.1525/abt.2011.73.2.5|s2cid=86352610|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Walsh|first=Alistair|date=January 11, 2022|title=What to expect from the world's sixth mass extinction|url=https://www.dw.com/en/what-to-expect-from-the-worlds-sixth-mass-extinction/a-60360245|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=February 5, 2022}}</ref> is an ongoing [[extinction event]] of [[species]] during the present Holocene [[epoch (geology)|epoch]] (with the more recent time sometimes called Anthropocene) as a result of [[Human impact on the environment|human activity]].<ref name="WorldScientists">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF|title=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=67|issue=12|pages=1026–1028|date=13 November 2017|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix125|url=http://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf|quote=Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215010626/https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Ceballos-Ehrlich-2018-06>{{cite journal|last1=Ceballos|first1=Gerardo|last2=Ehrlich|first2=Paul R.|author-link2=Paul R. Ehrlich|title=The misunderstood sixth mass extinction|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=8 June 2018|volume=360|issue=6393|pages=1080–1081|doi=10.1126/science.aau0191|pmid=29880679|oclc=7673137938|bibcode=2018Sci...360.1080C|s2cid=46984172|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau0191}}</ref><ref name=dirzo>{{cite journal|last= Dirzo|first= Rodolfo|author-link1=Rodolfo Dirzo|author2= Young, Hillary S.|author3= Galetti, Mauro|author4= Ceballos, Gerardo|author5= Isaac, Nick J. B.|author6= Collen, Ben|title= Defaunation in the Anthropocene|journal=Science|year= 2014|doi= 10.1126/science.1251817|pmid= 25061202|volume= 345|issue=6195|pages= 401–406|url=http://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science-2014-Dirzo-401-6-2.pdf|quote=In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth’s history.|bibcode= 2014Sci...345..401D|s2cid= 206555761}}</ref><ref name="Cowie">{{cite journal |last1= Cowie |first1=Robert H. |last2=Bouchet |first2=Philippe |last3=Fontaine |first3=Benoît |year=2022|title=The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation? |journal=Biological Reviews |volume= 97|issue= 2|pages= 640–663|doi=10.1111/brv.12816|pmid=35014169 |pmc=9786292 |s2cid=245889833 }}</ref> The included [[extinctions]] span numerous families of [[fungi]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Guy|first=Jack|date=September 30, 2020|title=Around 40% of the world's plant species are threatened with extinction|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/30/world/kew-gardens-plants-report-scli-intl-gbr-scn/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=September 1, 2021}}</ref> [[plant]]s,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hollingsworth |first=Julia |date=June 11, 2019 |title=Almost 600 plant species have become extinct in the last 250 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/11/asia/plant-extinctions-science-intl-hnk/ |access-date=January 14, 2020 |publisher=CNN |quote="The research – published Monday in Nature, Ecology & Evolution journal – found that 571 plant species have disappeared from the wild worldwide, and that plant extinction is occurring up to 500 times faster than the rate it would without human intervention."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=August 31, 2021|title=Up to half of world's wild tree species could be at risk of extinction|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/01/up-to-half-worlds-wild-tree-species-could-risk-extinction|work=The Guardian|access-date=September 1, 2021}}</ref> and [[animal]]s, including [[mammal]]s, [[bird]]s, [[reptile]]s, [[amphibian]]s, [[fish]] and [[invertebrates]]. With widespread degradation of [[Biodiversity hotspot|highly biodiverse]] habitats such as [[coral reef]]s and [[rainforest]]s, as well as other areas, the vast majority of these extinctions are thought to be undocumented, as the species are undiscovered at the time of their extinction, or no one has yet discovered their extinction. The current rate of extinction of species is estimated at 100 to 1,000 times higher than [[Background extinction rate|natural background extinction rates]].<ref name=Ceballos-Ehrlich-2018-06/><ref name="Li-2012"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Vos|first1=Jurriaan M.|last2=Joppa|first2=Lucas N.|last3=Gittleman|first3=John L.|last4=Stephens|first4=Patrick R.|last5=Pimm|first5=Stuart L.|date=2014-08-26|title=Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=452–462|doi=10.1111/cobi.12380|pmid=25159086|bibcode=2015ConBi..29..452D |s2cid=19121609 |issn=0888-8892|language=es|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf}}</ref><ref name="PimmJenkins">{{cite journal |last1=Pimm |first1=S. L. |last2=Jenkins |first2=C. N. |last3=Abell |first3=R. |last4=Brooks |first4=T. M. |last5=Gittleman |first5=J. L. |last6=Joppa |first6=L. N. |last7=Raven |first7=P. H. |last8=Roberts |first8=C. M. |last9=Sexton |first9=J. O. |date=30 May 2014 |title=The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection |url=http://static.squarespace.com/static/51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620/t/538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f/1401395139381/Pimm+et+al.+2014.pdf |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=344 |issue=6187 |pages=1246752 |doi=10.1126/science.1246752 |pmid=24876501 |s2cid=206552746 |quote=The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.}}</ref>