Editing History of the ancient Levant (section)

===Resurgence of local kingdoms===
The Seleucids gradually lost their domains in [[Bactria]] to the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]], and in [[Iran]] and [[Mesopotamia]] to the rising [[Parthian Empire]]. Eventually, this limited Seleucid domains to the Levant, and the power decline would lead to the formation of several breakaway states in the Levant.

In the north, Greco-Iranian satrap [[Ptolemaeus of Commagene|Ptolemaeus]] declared himself the king of [[Commagene]] in 163 BC,<ref>{{cite book|last=Marciak|first=Michał|title=Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West|date=2017|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004350724|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwEtDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> while the Arab [[Abgarid dynasty|Abgarids]] ruled [[Osroene]] independently since 132 BC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Osroene|title = Osroëne &#124; ancient kingdom, Mesopotamia, Asia &#124; Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=Alan|last2=Garnsey|first2=Peter|last3=Cameron|first3=Averil|title=The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521301992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC&q=%22arab+principality+of+edessa%22&pg=PA508|language=en}}</ref> The [[Maccabean Revolt]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] inaugurated the [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmonean kingdom]] in 140 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L.  |author-link=Lester L. Grabbe |date=2020 |title=A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: The Maccabean Revolt, Hasmonaean Rule, and Herod the Great (174&ndash;4 BCE) |location= |publisher=T&T Clark |volume=95 |series=Library of Second Temple Studies |isbn=978-0-5676-9294-8}}</ref> The [[Nabataeans]] further south had maintained their [[Nabataean Kingdom|kingdom]] since the 3rd century BC.<ref name="Taylor2001">{{cite book|author=Jane Taylor|title=Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC&pg=PA124|year=2001|publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|isbn=978-1-86064-508-2|pages=124–151}}</ref> This rendered the Seleucids a weak, vulnerable state limited to parts of [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]].