Editing History of Portugal (1415–1578) (section)

=== Chronology of the Portuguese discoveries ===
*1336 — Possible first expedition to the [[Canary Islands]] with additional expeditions in 1340 and 1341, though this is disputed.<ref>B. W. Diffie, ''Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415 -1580'', Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, p. 28.</ref>
*1412 — [[Henry the Navigator|Prince Henry, the Navigator]], orders the first expeditions to the African Coast and Canary Islands.
*1419 — [[João Gonçalves Zarco]] and [[Tristão Vaz Teixeira]] discovered [[Porto Santo island]], in the Madeira group.
*1420 — The same sailors and [[Bartolomeu Perestrelo]] discovered the island of [[Madeira]], which at once began to be colonized.
*1422 — Cape Nao, the limit of Moorish navigation is passed as the African Coast is mapped.
*1427 — [[Diogo de Silves]] discovered the Azores, which was colonized in 1431 by Gonçalo Velho Cabral.
*1434 — [[Gil Eanes]] sailed round Cape Bojador, thus destroying the legends of the ‘Dark Sea’.
*1434 — the 32 point compass-card replaces the 12 points used until then.
*1435 — Gil Eanes and [[Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia]] discovered Garnet Bay (Angra dos Ruivos) and the latter reached the Gold River (Rio de Ouro).
*1441 — [[Nuno Tristão]] reached Cape White.
*1443 — Nuno Tristão penetrated the Arguim Gulf. [[Prince Pedro, Duke of Coimbra|Prince Pedro]] granted Henry the Navigator the monopoly of navigation, war and trade in the lands south of [[Cape Bojador]].
*1444 — [[Dinis Dias]] reached Cape Green (Cabo Verde).
*1445 — [[Álvaro Fernandes]] sailed beyond Cabo Verde and reached Cabo dos Mastros (Cape Red)
*1446 — Álvaro Fernandes reached the northern Part of [[Portuguese Guinea]]
*1452 — Diogo de Teive discovers the Islands of Flores and Corvo.
*1458 — [[Alvise Cadamosto]] discovers the first Cape Verde Islands.
*1460 — Death of Prince Henry, the Navigator. His systematic mapping of the Atlantic reached 8° N on the African Coast and 40° W in the Atlantic (Sargasso Sea) in his lifetime.
*1461 — Diogo Gomes and António Noli discovered more of the [[Portuguese Cape Verde|Cape Verde Islands]].
*1461 — Diogo Afonso discovered the western islands of the Cape Verde group.
*1471 — [[João de Santarém]] and [[Pedro Escobar]] crossed the Equator. The southern hemisphere was discovered and the sailors began to be guided by a new constellation, the [[Southern Cross]]. The discovery of the islands of [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Príncipe]] is also attributed to these same sailors.
*1479 — [[Treaty of Alcáçovas]] establishes Portuguese control of the Azores, Guinea, ElMina, Madeira and Cape Verde Islands and Castilian control of the Canary Islands.
*1482 — [[Diogo Cão]] reached the estuary of the [[Zaire]] (Congo) and placed a landmark there. Explored 150&nbsp;km upriver to the [[Yellala Falls]].
*1484 — Diogo Cão reached [[Walvis Bay]], south of [[Namibia]].
*1487 — [[Afonso de Paiva]] and [[Pero da Covilhã]]  traveled overland from Lisbon in search of the Kingdom of [[Prester John]]. ([[Ethiopia]])
*1488 — [[Bartolomeu Dias]], crowning 50 years of effort and methodical expeditions, rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]] and entered the [[Indian Ocean]]. They had found the "Flat Mountain" of Ptolemy's Geography.
*1489/92 — South Atlantic Voyages to map the winds
*1490 — Columbus leaves for Spain after his father-in-law's death.
*1492 — First exploration of the [[Indian Ocean]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
*1494 — The [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] between Portugal and Spain divided the world into two parts, Spain claiming all non-Christian lands west of a north–south line 370 leagues west of the Azores, Portugal claiming all non-Christian lands east of that line.
*1495 — Voyage of [[João Fernandes Lavrador|João Fernandes, the Farmer]], and Pedro Barcelos to [[Greenland]]. During their voyage they discovered the land to which they gave the name of [[Labrador]] (lavrador, farmer)
*1494 — First boats fitted with cannon doors and topsails.
*1498 — [[Vasco da Gama]] led the first fleet around Africa to India, arriving in Calicut.
*1498 — [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] explores the South Atlantic and the South American Coast North of the [[Amazon River]].
*1500 — [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] discovered Brazil on his way to India.
*1500 — [[Gaspar Corte-Real]] made his first voyage to Newfoundland, formerly known as Terras Corte-Real.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}
*1500 — [[Diogo Dias]] discovered an island they named after St Lawrence after the saint on whose feast day they had first sighted the island later known as [[Madagascar]]
*1502 —  Returning from India, Vasco da Gama discovers the Amirante Islands (Seychelles).
*1502 — [[Miguel Corte-Real]] set out for New England in search of his brother, Gaspar. João da Nova discovered [[Saint Helena]]. [[Fernão de Noronha]] discovered the island which still bears his name.
*1503 — On his return from the East, [[Estêvão da Gama (c.1470)|Estêvão da Gama]] discovered [[Ascension Island]].
*1505 — [[Gonçalo Álvares]] in the fleet of the first viceroy sailed south in the Atlantic to were "water and even wine froze" discovering an island named after him, modern [[Gough Island]]
*1505 — [[Lourenço de Almeida]] made the first Portuguese voyage to [[Portuguese Ceylon|Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]) and established a settlement there.<ref>{{Nuttall|title=Almeida}}</ref>
*1506 — Tristão da Cunha discovered the island that bears his name. Portuguese sailors become the first Europeans to reach Madagascar.
*1509 — The [[Bay of Bengal]] crossed by [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]]. On the crossing he also reached [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]].
*1511 — [[Duarte Fernandes]] is the first European to visit the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Kingdom of Siam]] (Thailand), sent by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] after the conquest of Malaca.<ref>Donald Frederick Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley, ''Asia in the Making of Europe'', p.520-521, University of Chicago Press, 1994, {{ISBN|978-0-226-46731-3}}</ref>
*1512 — [[António de Abreu]] discovered [[Timor|Timor island]] and reached [[Banda Islands]], [[Ambon Island]] and [[Seram]]. [[Francisco Serrão]] reached the [[Moluccas]].
*1512 — [[Pedro Mascarenhas]] discovered the island of [[Diego Garcia]], he also encountered the [[Mauritius]], although he may not have been the first to do so; expeditions by [[Diogo Dias]] and [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] in 1507 may have encountered the islands. In 1528 [[Diogo Rodrigues]] named the islands of Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues the [[Mascarene Islands]], after Mascarenhas.
*1512 — [[João de Lisboa]] and [[Estevão Frois]] reached the La Plata estuary or even perhaps the Gulf of San Matias in 42°S in modern [[Argentina]] between 1511 and 1514 (1512) according to the manuscript ''Newen Zeytung auss Pressilandt'' in the Fugger archives of the time. [[Christopher de Haro]], the financier of the expedition, bears witness to the trip to La Plata (''Rio da Prata'') and the news of the "White King" to the interior and west, the Inca emperor – and the axe of silver obtained from the natives and offered to the king [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]].
*1513 — The first trading ship to touch the coasts of [[China]], under [[Jorge Álvares]] and [[Rafael Perestrello]] later in the same year.
*1517 — [[Fernão Pires de Andrade]] and [[Tomé Pires]] were chosen by [[Manuel I of Portugal]] to sail to China to formally open relations between the Portuguese Empire and the [[Ming Dynasty]] during the reign of the [[Zhengde Emperor]].
*1525 — [[Aleixo Garcia]] explored the Rio de la Plata in service to Spain, as a member of the expedition of [[Juan Díaz de Solís]], and later – from Santa Catarina, [[Brazil]] – leading an expedition of some Europeans and 2,000 [[Guaraní people|Guaraní Indians]], explored [[Paraguay]] and [[Bolivia]]. Aleixo Garcia was the first European to cross the [[Gran Chaco|Chaco]] and even managed to penetrate the outer defenses of the [[Inca Empire]] on the hills of the [[Andes]] (near [[Sucre]]), in present-day Bolivia. He was the first European to do so, accomplishing this eight years before [[Francisco Pizarro]].
*1526 — Discovery of [[New Guinea]] by [[Jorge de Meneses]]
*1528 — [[Diogo Rodrigues]] explores the [[Mascarene]] islands, that he names after his countryman [[Pedro Mascarenhas]], he explored and named the islands of [[Réunion]], [[Mauritius]], and [[Rodrigues (island)|Rodrigues]]<ref>José Nicolau da Fonseca, ''Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City of Goa'', Bombay : Thacker, 1878, pp. 47–48. Reprinted 1986, Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|81-206-0207-2}}.</ref>
*1529 — [[Treaty of Saragossa]] divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.
*1536 — Pedro A. Campos discovers Barbados, and finds it uninhabitable.
*1542 — The coast of [[California]] explored by [[João Rodrigues Cabrilho]].
*1543 — [[António Mota (explorer)|António Mota]], Francisco Zeimoto, and possibly [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]] became the first Europeans to reach Japan.
*1557 — [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] given to Portugal by the [[Emperor of China]] as a reward for services rendered against the [[Pirate|pirates]] who infested the [[South China Sea|China Sea]].

(missing data on Ormuz – from Socotra to Basra, including Muscat, Bahrain, islands in Strait of Hormuz, etc.)