Editing History of Egypt (section)

== Republican Egypt (since 1953) ==
{{Main|History of republican Egypt|History of modern Egypt}}On 18 June 1953, the [[Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)|Egyptian Republic]] was declared, with General [[Muhammad Naguib]] as the first President of the Republic. Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]{{spaced ndash}}the real architect of the 1952 movement{{spaced ndash}}and was later put under [[house arrest]].

=== Nasser era ===
{{Main|History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser}}
[[File:Nasser in 1969.jpg|thumb|Gamal Abdel Nasser|228x228px]]
Nasser assumed power as president in June 1956. British forces completed their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13 June 1956. He [[nationalization|nationalized]] the Suez Canal on 26 July 1956, prompting the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]].

In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the [[United Arab Republic]]. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when [[Syria]] seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose [[confederation]] with North Yemen (the [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen]]) known as the [[United Arab States]].

In the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], Israel invaded and occupied Egypt's [[Sinai Peninsula]] and the [[Gaza Strip]], which Egypt had occupied since the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]. Three years later (1970), President Nasser died and was succeeded by [[Anwar Sadat]].

=== Sadat era ===
{{Main|History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat}}[[File:Sadat 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|170px|[[Anwar El Sadat|Anwar Al Sadat]]]]

Sadat switched Egypt's [[Cold War]] allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the [[Infitah]] economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition.

In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the [[Yom Kippur War|October War]], a surprise attack against the Israeli forces occupying the Sinai Peninsula and the [[Golan Heights]]. It was an attempt to regain part of the Sinai territory that Israel had captured six years earlier. Sadat hoped to seize some territory through military force, and then regain the rest of the peninsula by diplomacy. The conflict sparked an international crisis between the US and the USSR, both of whom intervened. The second UN-mandated ceasefire halted military action. While the war ended with a military stalemate, it presented Sadat with a political victory that later allowed him to regain the Sinai in return for peace with Israel.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in 1977, which led to the 1979 [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty|peace treaty]] in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the [[Arab world]] and led to Egypt's expulsion from the [[Arab League]], but it was supported by most Egyptians.{{sfnp|Vatikiotis|1991|p=443}} On 6 October 1981, [[Assassination of Anwar El Sadat|Sadat and six diplomats were assassinated]] while observing a military parade commemorating the eighth anniversary of the October 1973 War. He was succeeded by [[Hosni Mubarak]].

=== Terrorist insurgency ===
{{Main|Terrorism in Egypt}}
In 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target [[Copts]] and foreign tourists as well as government officials.<ref name="Murphy.p.4">Murphy, Caryle ''Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience'', Scribner, 2002, p.4</ref> Some scholars and authors have credited Islamist writer [[Sayyid Qutb]], who was executed in 1967, as the inspiration for the new wave of attacks.<ref name="Murphy.p.57">Murphy, Caryle ''Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience'', Scribner, 2002, p.57</ref><ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Muslim Extremism in Egypt'' by Gilles Kepel, English translation published by University of California Press, 1986, p. 74</ref>

The 1990s saw an [[Islamism|Islamist group]], [[al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya]], engage in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy—tourism<ref>"Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt's main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year." (in 2005) [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/741/eg1.htm ... concerns over tourism's future] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924131816/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/741/eg1.htm |date=24 September 2013 }}. Retrieved 27 September 2007.</ref>—and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support.<ref>[[Gilles Kepel]], ''Jihad'', 2002</ref>

Victims of the campaign against the Egyptian state from 1992 to 1997 exceeded 1,200<ref>[[Lawrence Wright]], ''[[The Looming Tower]]'' (2006), p.258</ref> and included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a speaker of parliament ([[Rifaat el-Mahgoub]]), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/timeline_egypt.html |title=Timeline of modern Egypt |publisher=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com |access-date=2011-02-12}}</ref> At times, travel by foreigners in parts of [[Upper Egypt]] was severely restricted and dangerous.<ref>As described by [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] in his book ''From the Holy Mountain'' (1996, {{ISBN|0 00 654774 5}}) pp. 434–54, where he describes his trip to the area of [[Asyut]] in 1994.</ref> On 17 November 1997, [[Luxor massacre|62 people, mostly tourists, were killed]] near [[Luxor]]. The assailants trapped the people in the [[Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut]]. During this period, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya was given support by the governments of Iran and Sudan, as well as [[al-Qaeda]].<ref name="ucdp.uu.se">[[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]], ''Conflict Encyclopedia'', "The al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya insurgency," viewed 2013-05-03, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=50&regionSelect=10-Middle_East# {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911063455/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=50&regionSelect=10-Middle_East |date=11 September 2015 }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2020}} The Egyptian government received support during that time from the United States.<ref name="ucdp.uu.se" />

=== Civil unrest (2011–14) ===
{{Main|Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)}}

==== Revolution ====
{{Main|Egyptian revolution of 2011}}
In 2003, the ''[[Kefaya]]'' ("Egyptian Movement for Change"), was launched to oppose the Mubarak regime and to establish democratic reforms and greater [[civil liberties]].

[[File:Tahrir Square on February11.png|thumb|Celebrations in [[Tahrir Square]] after [[Omar Suleiman (politician)|Omar Suleiman]]'s statement announcing [[Hosni Mubarak]]'s resignation]]
On 25 January 2011, widespread protests began against Mubarak's government. The objective of the protest was the removal of Mubarak from power. These took the form of an intensive campaign of [[civil resistance]] supported by a very large number of people and mainly consisting of continuous mass demonstrations. By 29 January, it was becoming clear that Mubarak's government had lost control when a curfew order was ignored, and the army took a semi-neutral stance on enforcing the curfew decree.

On 11 February 2011, Mubarak resigned and fled Cairo. Vice President [[Omar Suleiman (politician)|Omar Suleiman]] announced that Mubarak had stepped down and that the [[Egyptian military]] would assume control of the nation's affairs in the short term.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live | title=Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military | work=The New York Times | date=11 February 2010 | access-date=11 February 2011 | first=David D. | last=Kirkpatrick}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12433045 | title=Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader | publisher=BBC | date=11 February 2010 | access-date=11 February 2011}}</ref> Jubilant celebrations broke out in [[Tahrir Square]] at the news.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/mubarak-red-sea-egypt_n_821812.html Mubarak Resigns As Egypt's President, Armed Forces To Take Control] ''Huffington Post''/AP, 11 February 2011</ref> Mubarak may have left Cairo for [[Sharm el-Sheikh]] the previous night, before or shortly after the airing of a taped speech in which Mubarak vowed he would not step down or leave.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mubarak Flees Cairo for Sharm el-Sheikh|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mubarak-flees-cairo-for-sharm-el-sheikh/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629172135/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/11/501364/main20031477.shtml |archive-date=2012-06-29 |date=11 February 2011|work=CBS News|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref>

On 13 February 2011, the high level military command of Egypt announced that both the constitution and the parliament of Egypt had been dissolved. The parliamentary election was to be held in September.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12443678|title=Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended|publisher=BBC|date=13 February 2011|access-date=13 February 2011}}</ref>

A [[Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2011|constitutional referendum]] was held on 19 March 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Commonwealth Parliament, Parliament House Canberra |title=The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2011/March/The_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum_of_March_2011_a_new_beginning |website=www.aph.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> On 28 November 2011, Egypt held its [[2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election|first parliamentary election]] since the Mubarak regime fell. Turnout was high and there were no reports of violence, although members of some parties broke the ban on campaigning at polling places by handing out pamphlets and banners.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/11/28/142840895/egypts-historic-day-begins-peacefully-turnout-high-for-elections Egypt's Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections]. [[NPR]]. 28 November 2011. Last Retrieved 29 November 2011.</ref> There were, however, complaints of irregularities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Don't Ignore Electoral Fraud in Egypt |url=http://www.danielpipes.org/10548/egypt-electoral-fraud |work=Daniel Pipes Middle East Forum |author=[[Daniel Pipes]] and Cynthia Farahat |date=24 January 2012}}</ref>

==== Morsi's presidency ====
{{Main|Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under Mohamed Morsi}}

[[Egyptian presidential election, 2012|The first round of a presidential election was held in Egypt on 23 and 24 May 2012]]. [[Mohamed Morsi]] won 25% of the vote and [[Ahmed Shafik]], the last prime minister under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak, 24%. A second round was held on 16 and 17 June. On 24 June 2012, the election commission announced that Mohamed Morsi had won the election, making him the first democratically elected president of Egypt. According to official results, Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote while Shafik received 48.3 percent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weaver |first1=Matthew |title=Muslim Brotherhood's Mohammed Morsi wins Egypt's presidential race |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/jun/24/egypt-election-results-live |work=the Guardian |date=24 June 2012 |language=en}}</ref> On 30 June 2012, Mohamed Morsi was sworn in as Egypt's new president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/7/1/mohamed-morsi-sworn-in-as-egypts-president |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 8 July 2012, Egypt's new president [[Mohamed Morsi]] announced he was overriding the military [[edict]] that dissolved the country's elected parliament and called lawmakers back into session.<ref name="Fahmy">{{cite news|last=Fahmy|first=Mohamed|title=Egypt's president calls back dissolved parliament|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/08/world/meast/egypt-politics/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=8 July 2012|date=9 July 2012}}</ref>

On 10 July 2012, the [[Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt]] negated the decision by Morsi to call the nation's parliament back into session.<ref>{{cite news|last=Watson|first=Ivan|title=Court overrules Egypt's president on parliament|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/10/world/meast/egypt-politics/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=10 July 2012|date=10 July 2012}}</ref> On 2 August 2012, Egypt's Prime Minister Hisham Qandil announced his 35-member cabinet, including 28 newcomers, of whom four came from the influential [[Muslim Brotherhood]] while six and the former interim military ruler [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] as the Defence Minister came from the previous Government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post |date=3 August 2012}}</ref>

On 22 November 2012, Morsi issued a declaration immunizing his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly drafting the new constitution.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20451208 |title=Egypt's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers |work=BBC News |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref> The declaration also requires a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak-era killings of protesters, who had been acquitted, and extends the mandate of the constituent assembly by two months. Additionally, the declaration authorizes Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution. Liberal and secular groups previously walked out of the constitutional constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while [[Muslim Brotherhood]] backers threw their support behind Morsi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-11-22-11-27-48 |title=Rallies for, against Egypt president's new powers |agency=Associated Press |date=23 November 2012|access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref>

The move was criticized by [[Mohamed ElBaradei]], the leader of Egypt's Constitution Party, who stated "Morsi today usurped all state powers & appointed himself Egypt's new pharaoh" on his Twitter feed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt's President Morsi takes sweeping new powers |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=23 November 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-president-morsi-takes-sweeping-new-powers/2012/11/22/8d87d716-34cb-11e2-92f0-496af208bf23_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Michael |last=Birnbaum}}</ref> The move led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt.<ref name="violencebreaks">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9699801/Violence-breaks-out-across-Egypt-as-protesters-decry-Mohammed-Morsis-constitutional-coup.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9699801/Violence-breaks-out-across-Egypt-as-protesters-decry-Mohammed-Morsis-constitutional-coup.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|first=Richard|last=Spencer|date=23 November 2012|access-date=23 November 2012|title=Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi's constitutional 'coup'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 5 December 2012, Tens of thousands of supporters and opponents of Egypt's president clashed, hurling rocks and Molotov cocktails and brawling in Cairo's streets, in what was described as the largest violent battle between Islamists and their foes since the country's revolution.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324640104578160902530961768 |title = Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution |newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=6 December 2012 |access-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> Six senior advisors and three other officials resigned from the government and the country's leading Islamic institution called on Morsi to stem his powers. Protesters also clamored from coastal cities to desert towns.<ref name="LaTimes">{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-egypt-morsi-20121207,0,2119116.story|title=Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt's vote on constitution|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=6 December 2012 |access-date=8 December 2012|first=Jeffrey|last=Fleishman}}</ref>

Morsi offered a "national dialogue" with opposition leaders but refused to cancel a 15 December vote on a draft constitution written by an Islamist-dominated assembly that has ignited two weeks of political unrest.<ref name="LaTimes" />

[[Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012|A constitutional referendum]] was held in two rounds on 15 and 22 December 2012, with 64% support, and 33% against.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egyptian voters back new constitution in referendum |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20842487 |work=BBC News |date=25 December 2012}}</ref> It was signed into law by a presidential decree issued by Morsi on 26 December 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohamed Morsi signs Egypt's new constitution into law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/26/mohamed-morsi-egypt-constitution-law |work=the Guardian |date=26 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref> On 3 July 2013, the constitution was suspended by order of the [[Egyptian Army|Egyptian army]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt army commander suspends constitution |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-suspension-idUSBRE96215020130703 |work=Reuters |date=3 July 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

On 30 June 2013, on the first anniversary of the election of Morsi, millions of protesters across Egypt took to the streets and demanded the immediate resignation of the president. On 1 July, the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]] issued a 48-hour ultimatum that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people. The presidency rejected the Egyptian Army's 48-hour ultimatum, vowing that the president would pursue his own plans for national reconciliation to resolve the political crisis. On 3 July, General [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, announced that he had removed Morsi from power, suspended the constitution and would be calling new presidential and Shura Council elections and named [[Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt|Supreme Constitutional Court]]'s leader, [[Adly Mansour]] as acting president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt's Morsi overthrown |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/7/4/president-morsi-overthrown-in-egypt |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Mansour was sworn in on 4 July 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holpuch |first1=Amanda |last2=Siddique |first2=Haroon |last3=Weaver |first3=Matthew |title=Egypt's interim president sworn in - Thursday 4 July |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/04/egypt-revolution-new-president-live-updates |work=The Guardian |date=4 July 2013}}</ref>

==== After Morsi ====
{{Main|Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)}}

During the months after the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|coup d'état]], a [[Constitution of Egypt|new constitution]] was prepared, which took effect on 18 January 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt's new constitution gets 98% 'yes' vote |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/18/egypt-constitution-yes-vote-mohamed-morsi |work=the Guardian |date=18 January 2014 |language=en}}</ref> After that, [[Egyptian presidential election, 2014|presidential]] and [[Egyptian parliamentary election, 2015|parliamentary]] elections have to be held in June 2014. On 24 March 2014, 529 Morsi's supporters were [[death sentence|sentenced to death]], while the [[Mohamed Morsi#Trial|trial of Morsi]] himself was still ongoing.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://zpravy.ihned.cz/svet/c1-61906190-egypt-muslimske-bratrstvo-tribunal-odsoudil-529-egyptanu-k-smrti|title=Soud s islamisty v Egyptě: Na popraviště půjde více než 500 Mursího stoupenců|author=Czech News Agency|publisher=IHNED.cz|date=2014-03-24|access-date=2014-03-24}}</ref> Having delivered a final judgement, 492 sentences were commuted to life imprisonment with 37 death sentences being upheld. On 28 April, another mass trial took place with 683 Morsi supporters sentenced to death for killing 1 police officer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-sentences-683-to-death-in-latest-mass-trial-of-dissidents/2014/04/28/34e0ca2c-e8eb-4a85-8fa8-a7300ab11687_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=28 April 2015}}</ref> In 2015, Egypt participated in the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]].<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-idUSKBN0N50TF20150414 Egypt and Saudi Arabia discuss maneuvers as Yemen battles rage]". Reuters. 14 April 2015.</ref>

=== El-Sisi Presidency ===
{{Main|Abdel Fattah el-Sisi}}

[[File:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (2) - 2023.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]]]

In the [[2014 Egyptian presidential election|elections]] of June 2014 El-Sisi won with a percentage of 96.1%.<ref>{{cite web |title=El-Sisi wins Egypt's presidential race with 96.91% |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/102841/Egypt/Politics-/BREAKING-PEC-officially-announces-AbdelFattah-ElSi.aspx |website=English.Ahram.org |publisher=Ahram Online |access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> On 8 June 2014, Abdel Fatah el-Sisi was officially sworn in as Egypt's new president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt's Sisi sworn in as president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/08/egypt-sisi-sworn-in-president |work=the Guardian |date=8 June 2014 |language=en}}</ref> Egypt has implemented a rigorous policy of controlling the border to the Gaza Strip, including the dismantling of tunnels between the Gaza strip and Sinai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Egypt's War against the Gaza Tunnels |url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/32925 |website=Israel Defense |language=en |date=4 February 2018}}</ref>

In April 2018, El-Sisi was re-elected by landslide in [[2018 Egyptian presidential election|election]] with no real opposition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt's Sisi wins 97 percent in election with no real opposition |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-election-result-idUSKCN1H916A |work=Reuters |date=2 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In April 2019, Egypt's parliament extended presidential terms from four to six years. President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi was also allowed to run for third term in next election in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt parliament extends presidential term to six years |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/egypt-parliament-extends-presidential-term-to-six-years/1454194 |work=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>

Under El-Sisi Egypt is said to have returned to [[authoritarianism]]. New constitutional reforms have been implemented, meaning strengthening the role of military and limiting the political opposition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehmood |first1=Ashna |title=Egypt's Return to Authoritarianism |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2021/03/31/egypts-return-to-authoritarianism/ |work=Modern Diplomacy |date=31 March 2021}}</ref> The constitutional changes were accepted in a [[2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum|referendum]] in April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/23/sisi-wins-snap-egyptian-referendum-amid-vote-buying-claims |work=the Guardian |date=23 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2020, final results of the parliamentary [[2020 Egyptian parliamentary election|election]] confirmed a clear majority of the seats for Egypt's Mostaqbal Want ([[Nation's Future Party|Nation's Future]]) Party, which strongly supports president El-Sisi. The party even increased its majority, partly because of new electoral rules.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pro-Sisi party wins majority in Egypt's parliamentary polls |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/egypt-election-int-idUSKBN28O2T0 |work=Reuters |date=14 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

During the 2020–2021 [[Tigray War]], Egypt was also involved. On 19 December 2020, an [[EEPA]] report stated, based on testimonials of three Egyptian officials and one European diplomat, that the UAE used its base in [[Assab]] (Eritrea) to launch drones strikes against Tigray. The investigative platform [[Bellingcat]] confirmed the presence of Chinese-produced drones at the UAE's military base in Assab, Eritrea. [[Egypt]]ian officials were concerned about strengthening ties between the UAE and Israel. They fear that both countries will collaborate in the construction of an alternative to the [[Suez Canal]], starting from [[Haifa]] in Israel.<ref name="eepa31">[https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-31-20-December.docx.pdf Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 31 - 20 December] Europe External Programme with Africa</ref> On 19 December 2020, Egypt was reportedly encouraging Sudan to support the [[TPLF]] in Tigray. It wants to strengthen a joint position in relation to negotiations on the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam|GERD]] Dam, which impacts both countries downstream.<ref name="eepa31" />