Editing Hijab (section)

===Legal bans===
==== Muslim world ====
The tradition of veiling hair in [[Culture of Iran|Persian culture]] has ancient pre-Islamic origins,<ref>{{Iranica|clothing-ii|CLOTHING ii. In the Median and Achaemenid periods}}</ref> but the widespread custom was ended by [[Reza Shah]]'s government in 1936, as the hijab was considered to be incompatible with modernization and he ordered "unveiling" act or [[Kashf-e hijab]]. In some cases the police arrested women who wore the veil and would forcibly remove it. These policies had popular support but outraged the [[Shi'a]] clerics, to whom appearing in public without their cover was tantamount to nakedness. Some women refused to leave the house out of fear of being assaulted by Reza Shah's police.<ref>El-Guindi, Fadwa, ''Veil: Modesty, Privacy, and Resistance'', Berg, 1999</ref> In 1941, the compulsory element in the policy of unveiling was abandoned.

[[Turkey]] had a ban on headscarves at universities until recently. In 2008, the Turkish government attempted to lift a ban on Muslim headscarves at universities, but were overturned by the country's Constitutional Court.<ref>{{cite news | title=Turkey's AKP discusses hijab ruling | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2008/06/200861503343579739.html | work=Al Jazeera | date=6 June 2008 | access-date=6 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801095423/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2008/06/200861503343579739.html | archive-date=1 August 2018 | url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2010, however, the Turkish government ended the headscarf ban in universities and schools.<ref name=":0">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11880622 |publisher=BBC News | title=Quiet end to Turkey's college headscarf ban | date=31 December 2010 | access-date=21 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628151715/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11880622 | archive-date=28 June 2018 | url-status=live}}</ref> The ban for civil servants remains in place.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |author=Ömer Taşpınar |date=1 April 2012 |title=Islamist Politics in Turkey: The New Model? |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/04/24-turkey-new-model-taspinar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816032456/http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/04/24-turkey-new-model-taspinar |archive-date=2015-08-16 |access-date=7 June 2015 |publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref>

In [[Tunisia]], women were banned from wearing the hijab in state offices in 1981; in the 1980s and 1990s, more restrictions were put in place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=49443 |title=Tunisia's Hijab Ban Unconstitutional |date=11 October 2007 |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720192643/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=49443 |archive-date=20 July 2013}}</ref>

In June 2024, Tajikistan's parliament passed a bill banning "foreign clothing" and religious celebrations for children during the Islamic holidays of [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]]. The upper house, Majlisi Milli, approved the legislation on 19 June, following approval by the lower house, Majlisi Namoyandagon, on 8 May. The bill specifically targets the hijab, a traditional Islamic headscarf. This formalization of restrictions comes after years of Tajikistan unofficially discouraging Islamic attire, including headscarves and bushy beards.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hijab ban: Tajikistan parliament approves bill prohibiting alien garments and Eid celebrations by children |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/hijab-ban-tajikistan-parliament-approves-bill-prohibiting-alien-garments-and-eid-celebrations-by-children-11718932757680.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622012622/https://www.livemint.com/news/hijab-ban-tajikistan-parliament-approves-bill-prohibiting-alien-garments-and-eid-celebrations-by-children-11718932757680.html |archive-date=2024-06-22 |access-date=2024-06-23 |work=Mint}}</ref> In 2007, the Ministry of Education banned both Islamic clothing and Western-style miniskirts in schools, a policy later extended to all public institutions. Minister of Culture [[Shamsiddin Orumbekzoda]] told [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]] that Islamic dress was "really dangerous". Under previous laws, women wearing hijabs are already banned from entering the country's government offices.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html| title=Country passes law 'to stop Muslim women wearing hijabs'| website=[[The Independent]]| date=September 2017| access-date=28 August 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906141934/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html| archive-date=6 September 2017| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.upi.com/Majority-Muslim-Tajikistan-passes-law-to-discourage-wearing-of-hijabs/8371504484941/ | title=Majority-Muslim Tajikistan passes law to discourage wearing of hijabs | access-date=28 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072235/https://www.upi.com/Majority-Muslim-Tajikistan-passes-law-to-discourage-wearing-of-hijabs/8371504484941/ | archive-date=29 August 2018 | url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Europe ====
[[File:Hujum.png|thumb|right|A veil-burning ceremony in USSR as part of Soviet [[Hujum|Hujum policies]]]]
In the former [[Soviet Union]], a broad atheistic [[Sovietization]] campaign was undertaken by the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] to remove all manifestations of [[gender inequality]] within the [[Soviet Central Asia|Union Republics of Central Asia]], targeting prevalent practices among [[Islam in the Soviet Union|Soviet Muslims]], such as [[Women in Islam#Dress code|female veiling practices]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Northrop |first=Douglas |year=2001a |title=Subaltern dialogues: subversion and resistance in Soviet Uzbek family law |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=115–139 |doi=10.2307/2697646 |jstor=2697646 |s2cid=147540996 |ref=Subaltern}}</ref>

On 15 March 2004, France passed [[French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|a law]] banning "symbols or clothes through which students conspicuously display their religious affiliation" in public primary schools, middle schools, and secondary schools. In the Belgian city of [[Maaseik]], the niqāb has been banned since 2006.<ref>{{Cite news
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612221543/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4616664.stm |archive-date=12 June 2018
|first=Mark | last=Mardell
|date=2006-01-16|title=Dutch MPs to decide on burqa ban|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4616664.stm|access-date=2023-01-02}}</ref> On 13 July 2010, France's lower house of parliament overwhelmingly approved a bill that would ban wearing the Islamic full veil in public. It became the first European country to ban the full-face veil in public places,<ref name="Austria" /> followed by Belgium, Latvia, Bulgaria, Austria, Denmark and some cantons of Switzerland in the following years.

Belgium banned the full-face veil in 2011 in places like parks and on the streets. In September 2013, the electors of the Swiss canton of Ticino voted in favour of a ban on face veils in public areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13038095|title=The Islamic veil across Europe|date=2017|publisher=BBC News|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209161441/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13038095|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, Latvia and Bulgaria banned the burqa in public places.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/islamic-muslim-face-veil-niqab-burqa-banned-latvia-despite-being-worn-by-just-three-women-entire-a6993991.html|title=A European government has banned Islamic face veils despite them being worn by just three women|date=21 April 2016|work=The Independent|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121050903/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/islamic-muslim-face-veil-niqab-burqa-banned-latvia-despite-being-worn-by-just-three-women-entire-a6993991.html|archive-date=21 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-burka-ban-benefits-cut-burkini-niqab-a7340601.html|title=Another European country just banned the burqa|date=1 October 2016|work=The Independent|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225165528/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-burka-ban-benefits-cut-burkini-niqab-a7340601.html|archive-date=25 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2017, wearing a face veil became also illegal in Austria. This ban also includes scarves, masks and clown paint that cover faces to avoid discriminating against Muslim dress.<ref name="Austria">{{cite news|newspaper=USA Today|author=Köksal Baltaci|title=Austria becomes latest European country to ban burqas — but adds clown face paint, too|date=27 September 2017|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/09/27/austria-becomes-latest-european-country-ban-burqas-but-adds-clown-face-paint-too/699273001/|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224065810/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/09/27/austria-becomes-latest-european-country-ban-burqas-but-adds-clown-face-paint-too/699273001/|archive-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, Bosnia-Herzegovina's supervising judicial authority upheld a ban on wearing Islamic headscarves in courts and legal institutions, despite protests from the Muslim community that constitutes 40% of the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35518768|title=Bosnian women protest at headscarf ban|date=7 February 2016|publisher=BBC News|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316232112/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35518768|archive-date=16 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bosnia Judicial Authorities Uphold Hijab Ban, Despite Protests|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/bosnia-judiciary-upholds-ban-on-hijab-despite-protests/27545654.html|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=11 February 2016 |access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130050/https://www.rferl.org/a/bosnia-judiciary-upholds-ban-on-hijab-despite-protests/27545654.html|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the [[European Court of Justice]] ruled that companies were allowed to bar employees from wearing visible religious symbols, including the hijab. However, if the company has no policy regarding the wearing of clothes that demonstrate religious and political ideas, a customer cannot ask employees to remove the clothing item.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rankin |first1=Jennifer |last2=Oltermann |first2=Philip |title=Europe's right hails EU court's workplace headscarf ban ruling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/mar/14/employers-can-ban-staff-from-wearing-headscarves-european-court-rules |url-status=live |work=The Guardian |date=14 March 2017 |access-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073507/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/mar/14/employers-can-ban-staff-from-wearing-headscarves-european-court-rules |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> In 2018, the Danish parliament passed a law banning the full-face veil in public places.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/31/denmark-passes-law-banning-burqa-and-niqab|title=Denmark passes law banning burqa and niqab|last=Staff and agencies|date=31 May 2018|journal=The Guardian|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815112801/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/31/denmark-passes-law-banning-burqa-and-niqab|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, more than 20 French towns banned the use of the [[burqini]], a style of swimwear intended to accord with rules of hijab.<ref name="rubin">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/world/europe/france-burkini.html|title=French 'Burkini' Bans Provoke Backlash as Armed Police Confront Beachgoers|author=ALISSA J. RUBIN|date=24 August 2016|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301105413/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/world/europe/france-burkini.html|archive-date=1 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37056742|title=Cannes bans burkinis over suspected link to radical Islamism|date=12 August 2016|publisher=BBC News|access-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812123418/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37056742|archive-date=12 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelocal.fr/20160819/nice-joins-list-of-french-towns-to-ban-burqini|title=Nice joins growing list of French towns to ban burqini|date=19 August 2016|work=The Local.fr|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822152038/http://www.thelocal.fr/20160819/nice-joins-list-of-french-towns-to-ban-burqini|archive-date=22 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dozens of women were subsequently issued fines, with some tickets citing not wearing "an outfit respecting good morals and secularism", and some were verbally attacked by bystanders when they were confronted by the police.<ref name="rubin" /><ref name="Cockburn">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/burkini-swimwear-ban-france-nice-armed-police-hijab-muslim-a7206776.html|title=Burkini ban: Armed police force woman to remove her clothing on Nice beach|author=Harry Cockburn|date=24 August 2016|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208042912/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/burkini-swimwear-ban-france-nice-armed-police-hijab-muslim-a7206776.html|archive-date=8 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Quinn">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/french-police-make-woman-remove-burkini-on-nice-beach|title=French police make woman remove clothing on Nice beach following burkini ban|author=Ben Quinn|date=23 August 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218114654/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/french-police-make-woman-remove-burkini-on-nice-beach|archive-date=18 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="row-escalates">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/french-burkini-ban-row-escalates-clothing-incident-woman-police-nice-beach|title=French burkini ban row escalates after clothing incident at Nice beach|author=Angelique Chrisafis|date=24 August 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127154804/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/french-burkini-ban-row-escalates-clothing-incident-woman-police-nice-beach|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Enforcement of the ban also hit beachgoers wearing a wide range of modest attire besides the burqini.<ref name="rubin" /><ref name="row-escalates" /> Media reported that in one case the police forced a woman to remove part of her clothing on a beach in Nice.<ref name="Cockburn" /><ref name="Quinn" /><ref name="row-escalates" /> The Nice mayor's office denied that she was forced to do so and the mayor condemned what he called the "unacceptable provocation" of wearing such clothes in the aftermath of the [[2016 Nice truck attack|Nice terrorist attack]].<ref name="rubin" /><ref name="row-escalates" />

A team of psychologists in Belgium have investigated, in two studies of 166 and 147 participants, whether the Belgians' discomfort with the Islamic hijab, and the support of its ban from the country's public sphere, is motivated by the defence of the values of autonomy and universalism (which includes equality), or by xenophobia/ethnic prejudice and by anti-religious sentiments. The studies have revealed the effects of subtle prejudice/racism, values (self-enhancement values and security versus universalism), and religious attitudes (literal anti-religious thinking versus spirituality), in predicting greater levels of anti-veil attitudes beyond the effects of other related variables such as age and political conservatism.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.02.005|title = Host society's dislike of the Islamic veil: The role of subtle prejudice, values, and religion| journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations| volume=33| issue=5| pages=419–428|year = 2009|last1 = Saroglou|first1 = Vassilis| last2=Lamkaddem| first2=Bahija| last3=Van Pachterbeke| first3=Matthieu| last4=Buxant| first4=Coralie| citeseerx=10.1.1.471.6175}}</ref>

In 2019, Austria banned the hijab in [[Education in Austria#Grundschule|schools]] for children up to ten years of age. The ban was motivated by the equality between men and women and improving social integration with respect to local customs. Parents who send their child to school with a headscarf will be fined 440 euro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/international/oesterreich-verbietet-kopftuecher-an-grundschulen/|title=Österreich verbietet Kopftücher an Grundschulen |last=Lëtzebuerg |first=Tageblatt |date=16 May 2019|website=Tageblatt.lu|language=DE|access-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518072650/http://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/international/oesterreich-verbietet-kopftuecher-an-grundschulen/|archive-date=18 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The ban was overturned in 2020 by the [[Austrian Constitutional Court]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Austria court overturns primary school headscarf ban |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55277840 |access-date=3 April 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=11 December 2020}}</ref>

In 2019, [[Staffanstorp Municipality]] in Sweden banned all veils for school pupils up to sixth grade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.svd.se/staffanstorp-rostade-for-huvudduksforbud|title=Staffanstorp röstade för huvudduksförbud|last=TT|date=29 May 2019|work=Svenska Dagbladet|access-date=31 May 2019|language=sv|issn=1101-2412|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531200217/https://www.svd.se/staffanstorp-rostade-for-huvudduksforbud|archive-date=31 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== India ====
{{See also|Karnataka hijab controversy}}
In India, Muslim women are allowed to wear the hijab and/or [[burqa]] anytime, anywhere.<ref name="thestar1">{{Cite news |last=Sheikh Saaliq |date=8 February 2022 |title=In India, wearing hijab bars some Muslim students from class |work=Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/asia/2022/02/08/in-india-wearing-hijab-bars-some-muslim-students-from-class.html }}</ref><ref name="BBC larger bench">{{Cite news |date=10 February 2022 |title=Karnataka hijab row: Judge refers issue to larger bench |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60312864 }}</ref><ref name="csm">{{Cite news |date=8 February 2022 |title=Religious identity, rights in focus as Indian schools ban hijab |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2022/0208/Religious-identity-rights-in-focus-as-Indian-schools-ban-hijab }}</ref> However, in January 2022, a number of colleges in the South Indian state of [[Karnataka]] stopped female students wearing the hijab from entering the campus, following which the state government issued a circular banning 'religious clothes' in educational institutions where [[school uniform|uniforms]] are prescribed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karnatakas-hijab-row-fragile-regimes-latest-assault-right-choice-160646|title=Karnataka's hijab row: A fragile regime's latest assault on right to choice|website=The News Minute}}</ref> On 15 March 2022, the Karnataka High Court, in a verdict, upheld the hijab ban in educational institutions where uniforms are prescribed, arguing that the practice is non-essential in Islam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60300009|title=Hijab ban: Karnataka high court upholds government order on headscarves|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> The hijab ban was condemned inside India and abroad by officials in countries including the [[United States]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Pakistan]], as well as by [[Human Rights Watch]], and by figures like [[Malala Yousafzai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Meenakshi |title=India's Hijab Debate Fueled by Divisive Communal Politics |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/02/15/indias-hijab-debate-fueled-divisive-communal-politics |access-date=2022-08-25 |work=Human Rights Watch |date=2022-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=((Special Correspondent)) |title=Nobel laureate Malala Yousafzai comments on hijab controversy in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nobel-laureate-malala-yousafzai-comments-on-hijab-controversy-in-karnataka/article38400512.ece |access-date=2022-08-25 |work=The Hindu |date=2022-02-09}}</ref>

A study published by human rights body [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] reported that the move to ban hijab has widened the social divide and increased fear among Muslims in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Taniya |title='Very Frightening' to Enter Campus Alone: Muslim Students Recount Hijab Ban's Impact |url=https://thewire.in/rights/very-frightening-to-enter-campus-alone-muslim-students-recount-hijab-bans-impact |access-date=2022-09-15 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=2022-09-12}}</ref>

==== China ====
In Xinjiang province, the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] has banned women from wearing veils as part of a major crackdown on what it sees as religious extremism from Muslim [[Uighurs]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-bans-veils-abnormal-beards-western-province-xinjiang-n741501 | title=China bans veils and beards in the western province of Xinjiang | website=[[NBC News]] | date=April 2017 }}</ref>