Editing Heavy metal music (section)

====Black metal====
{{Main|Black metal}}

The first wave of black metal emerged in Europe in the early and mid-1980s, led by the United Kingdom's [[Venom (band)|Venom]], Denmark's [[Mercyful Fate]], Switzerland's [[Hellhammer]] and [[Celtic Frost]], and Sweden's [[Bathory (band)|Bathory]]. By the late 1980s, Norwegian bands such as [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]] and [[Burzum]] were heading a second wave.<ref>Christe (2003), p. 270</ref> Black metal varies considerably in style and production quality, although most bands emphasize shrieked and growled vocals, highly distorted guitars frequently played with rapid [[tremolo picking]], a dark atmosphere<ref name="Genre—Death Metal/Black Metal"/> and intentionally lo-fi production, often with ambient noise and background hiss.<ref>Jurek, Thom. [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=nefaria-mw0000567088|pure_url=yes}} "Striborg: ''Nefaria''"]. AllMusic. Retrieved on 15 November 2007</ref>

Satanic themes are common in black metal, though many bands take inspiration from ancient [[paganism]], promoting a return to supposed pre-Christian values.<ref>Moynihan, Søderlind (1998), p. 212</ref> Numerous black metal bands also "experiment with sounds from all possible forms of metal, folk, classical music, electronica and avant-garde".<ref name=VS/> [[Darkthrone]] drummer [[Fenriz]] explained: "It had something to do with production, lyrics, the way they dressed and a commitment to making ugly, raw, grim stuff. There wasn't a generic sound."<ref name=Campion>Campion, Chris. [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/feb/20/popandrock4#article_continue "In the Face of Death"]. ''The Observer'' (UK), 20 February 2005. Retrieved on 4 April 2007</ref>

Although bands such as [[Sarcófago]] had been donning [[corpsepaint]], by 1990, Mayhem was regularly wearing it; many other black metal acts also adopted the look. Bathory inspired the [[Viking metal]] and [[folk metal]] movements, and [[Immortal (band)|Immortal]] brought blast beats to the fore. Some bands in the Scandinavian black metal scene became associated with considerable violence in the early 1990s,<ref>Christe (2003), p. 276</ref> with Mayhem and Burzum linked to church burnings. Growing commercial hype around death metal generated a backlash; beginning in Norway, much of the Scandinavian metal underground shifted to support a black metal scene that resisted being co-opted by the commercial metal industry.<ref>Moynihan, Søderlind (1998), pp. 31–32</ref>

By 1992, black metal scenes had begun to emerge in areas outside Scandinavia, including Germany, France and Poland.<ref>Moynihan, Søderlind (1998), pp. 271, 321, 326</ref> The 1993 murder of Mayhem's [[Euronymous]] by Burzum's [[Varg Vikernes]] provoked intensive media coverage.<ref name=Campion/> Around 1996, when many in the scene felt the genre was stagnating,<ref>Vikernes, Varg. [http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_burzum_story06.shtml "A Burzum Story: Part VI—The Music"]. Burzum.org, July 2005; retrieved on 4 April 2007</ref> several key bands, including Burzum and Finland's [[Beherit (band)|Beherit]], moved toward an [[dark ambient|ambient]] style, while [[symphonic black metal]] was explored by Sweden's [[Tiamat (band)|Tiamat]] and Switzerland's [[Samael (band)|Samael]].<ref>[{{AllMusic|class=style|id=symphonic-black-metal-ma0000012290|pure_url=yes}} "Genre—Symphonic Black Metal"]. AllMusic. Retrieved on 9 April 2007</ref> In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Norway's [[Dimmu Borgir]] and England's [[Cradle of Filth]] brought black metal closer to the mainstream.<ref>Tepedelen, Adem. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031005254/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/dimmuborgir/articles/story/5935933/dimmu_borgirs_death_cult "Dimmu Borgir's 'Death Cult'"]}} (Archived at {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031005254/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/dimmuborgir/articles/story/5935933/dimmu_borgirs_death_cult Wayback]}} on 31 October 2007). ''Rolling Stone'', 7 November 2003. Retrieved on 10 September 2007</ref><ref>Bennett, J. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070515040459/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/jun2007/dimmuborgir.aspx "Dimmu Borgir"]}}. ''Decibel'', June 2007. Retrieved on 10 September 2007</ref>