Editing Halteres (section)

==Non-flying haltere activity==
The necessity of halteres in flight has been well documented, yet little is known about their use in other behaviors such as walking. Certain flies in the families [[Muscidae]], [[Anthomyiidae]], [[Calliphoridae]], [[flesh fly|Sarcophagidae]], [[Tachinidae]], and [[Micropezidae]] have been documented to oscillate their wings while walking in addition to during flight. The oscillation of the haltere is similar in amplitude and frequency during walking and flight for these flies, and the halteres always oscillate when walking or when flying. All other families of Diptera never oscillate their halteres while walking, but always do so while flying. [[flesh fly|Flesh flies]] are among those that oscillate their halteres while walking, and also perform more poorly at certain walking tasks when their halteres are removed. In contrast, [[drosophila|fruit flies]], which do not oscillate their halteres when walking, do not exhibit any differences in ability when their halteres are removed. This indicates that haltere inputs are behaviorally relevant to those species which oscillate them while walking and that they aid those individuals in walking behavior.<ref name="Hall 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Joshua M. |last2=McLoughlin |first2=Dane P. |last3=Kathman |first3=Nicholas D. |last4=Yarger |first4=Alexandra M. |last5=Mureli |first5=Shwetha |last6=Fox |first6=Jessica L. |title=Kinematic diversity suggests expanded roles for fly halteres |journal=Biology Letters |date=November 2015 |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=20150845 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2015.0845 |pmid=26601682 |pmc=4685551 }}</ref> Flies in the Calyptratae clade which include common flies like house flies, blow flies, and flesh flies also use their halteres during takeoff, whereas non-Calyptratae flies do not.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Yarger |first1=Alexandra M. |last2=Jordan |first2=Katherine A. |last3=Smith |first3=Alexa J. |last4=Fox |first4=Jessica L. |title=Takeoff diversity in Diptera |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=13 January 2021 |volume=288 |issue=1942 |pages=20202375 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.2375 |pmid=33434467 |pmc=7892408 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Calyptratae flies are able to take off around five times faster than other flies. Calyptratae flies lacking halteres take a lot longer to become airborne, but takeoff time is not affected in non-Calyptratae flies without halteres. Stability during takeoff also suffers with haltere removal, but only in Calyptratae flies.<ref name=":0" />