Editing Groningen (section)

==Transport==
===Cycling and walking===
[[File:Herestraat Groningen.JPG|thumb|''Herestraat'', the main shopping street (2004)]]
Groningen is known as the "World Cycling City"; around 57% of its residents use a bicycle for regular commute within the city.<ref name="G2013">{{cite book |author=Pooley, Colin G |title=Promoting Walking and Cycling: New Perspectives on Sustainable Travel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWamAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71 |date=21 August 2013 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-4473-1010-5 |page=71}}</ref> In 2000, Groningen was chosen as the ''Fietsstad 2002'', the top cycle-city in the Netherlands for 2002.<ref name="Tolley2003">{{cite book |author=R Tolley |title=Sustainable Transport |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbmkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA522 |date=29 August 2003 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-85573-861-4 |page=522}}</ref> Similar to most [[Cycling in the Netherlands|Dutch cities]], Groningen has developed to accommodate a large number of cyclists.<ref name="BruntlettBruntlett2018">{{cite book |author1=Melissa Bruntlett |author2=Chris Bruntlett |title=Building the Cycling City: The Dutch Blueprint for Urban Vitality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-FdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |date=28 August 2018 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-879-4 |pages=43–55}}</ref> An extensive network of bike paths were planned to make it more convenient to cycle to various destinations instead of taking a car.<ref name="BeckerLampe2018">{{cite book |author1=Annette Becker |author2=Stefanie Lampe |author3=Lessano Negussie |author4=Peter Cachola Schmal |title=Ride a Bike!: Reclaim the City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoxsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |date=23 April 2018 |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=978-3-0356-1525-8 |page=12}}</ref>

The city has segregated cycle-paths, public transport, and a large pedestrianised zone in the city centre.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Environmental Assessment of Traffic Management Schemes: A Literature Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgdRAQAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Transport Research Laboratory |page=49}}</ref> Groningen's city centre was remodeled into a "pedestrian priority zone" to promote walking and biking.<ref name="Beatley2012">{{cite book |author=Timothy Beatley |title=Green Urbanism: Learning From European Cities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlMuQxpjCgsC&pg=PA45 |date=26 September 2012 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-013-2 |page=45}}</ref> This was achieved by applying the principle of [[Permeability (spatial and transport planning)|filtered permeability]]—the network configuration favours [[active transportation]] and selectively "filters out" traveling in a car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre.<ref name="Appleby2012">{{cite book |author=Paul Appleby |title=Integrated Sustainable Design of Buildings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKgeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |date=12 October 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-53985-5 |page=175}}</ref> The streets that are discontinuous for cars connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre.<ref name="Spotswood2016">{{cite book |author=Fiona Spotswood |title=Beyond Behaviour Change: Key Issues, Interdisciplinary Approaches and Future Directions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvOfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |date=26 February 2016 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-4473-1756-2 |pages=102–104}}</ref> In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces, increasing aesthetic appeal and encouraging participation.<ref name="Communities1994">{{cite book |author=Commission of the European Communities |title=City and Environment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnNPAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=The Commission |isbn=978-92-826-5902-1 |page=58}}</ref> The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts—the [[fused grid]].<ref>Melia, S. (2012). ''Filtered and unfiltered permeability: The European and Anglo-Saxon approaches''. Project, 4.</ref>

===Public transport===
====Trains====
[[File:20080430_Hoofdstation_Groningen_NL.jpg|thumb|[[Groningen railway station|Railway station]] Groningen (2008)]]
[[Groningen railway station]] (in Dutch: ''Hoofdstation'') is the main railway station and has regular services to most of the major cities in the country.<ref name="Ashworth2017" /> The city's remaining two railway stations are [[Groningen Europapark railway station|Europapark]] and [[Groningen Noord railway station|Noord]].<ref>[http://stationsweb.nl/station.asp?station=groningenkempkensberg Halte Groningen Europapark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207170506/http://stationsweb.nl/station.asp?station=groningenkempkensberg |date=7 February 2021 }} {{in lang|nl}}, Stationsweb. Retrieved on 25 May 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.stationsweb.nl/station.asp?station=groningennoord Station Groningen Noord] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121141715/http://www.stationsweb.nl/station.asp?station=groningennoord |date=21 January 2021 }} {{in lang|nl}}, Stationweb. Retrieved 8 December 2015.</ref>

Groningen has six railway routes:<ref name="trains">{{cite web |title=Spoorkaart 2020: hier te downloaden |url=https://nieuws.ns.nl/spoorkaart-2020-hier-te-downloaden/ |publisher=Nieus |access-date=12 August 2020 |date=23 January 2020 |language=nl}}</ref>
*Groningen – [[Delfzijl]]
*Groningen – [[Roodeschool]] / [[Eemshaven]]
*Groningen – [[Leeuwarden]]
*Groningen – [[Veendam]]
*Groningen – [[Weener]] / [[Leer, Lower Saxony|Leer]]
*Groningen – [[Meppel]] / [[Zwolle]]

On those six routes, ten lines stop at:<ref name="trains" />
*[[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Groningen Noord railway station|Groningen North]] – [[Sauwerd railway station|Sauwerd]] – [[Bedum railway station|Bedum]] – [[Stedum railway station|Stedum]] – [[Loppersum railway station|Loppersum]] – [[Appingedam railway station|Appingedam]] – [[Delfzijl West railway station|Delfzijl West]] – [[Delfzijl railway station|Delfzijl]] 
*[[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Groningen Noord railway station|Groningen North]] – [[Sauwerd railway station|Sauwerd]] – [[Winsum railway station|Winsum]] – [[Baflo railway station|Baflo]] – [[Warffum railway station|Warffum]] – [[Usquert railway station|Usquert]] – [[Uithuizen railway station|Uithuizen]] – [[Uithuizermeeden railway station|Uithuizermeeden]] – [[Roodeschool railway station|Roodeschool]] – (Low Service) [[Eemshaven railway station|Eemshaven]]
*[[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Zuidhorn railway station|Zuidhorn]] – [[Grijpskerk railway station|Grijpskerk]] – [[Buitenpost railway station|Buitenpost]] – [[De Westereen railway station|De Westereen]] – [[Feanwâlden railway station|Feanwâlden]] – [[Hurdegaryp railway station|Hurdegaryp]] – [[Leeuwarden Camminghaburen railway station|Leeuwarden Camminghaburen]] – [[Leeuwarden railway station|Leewarden]]
*[[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Buitenpost railway station|Buitenpost]] – [[Leeuwarden railway station|Leewarden]]
*[[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Groningen Europapark railway station|Groningen Europapark]] – [[Kropswolde railway station|Kropswolde]] – [[Martenshoek railway station|Martenshoek]] – [[Hoogezand-Sappemeer railway station|Hoogezand-Sappemeer]] – [[Sappemeer Oost railway station|Sappemeer oost]] – [[Zuidbroek railway station|Zuidbroek]] – [[Veendam railway station|Veendam]]
*[[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Groningen Europapark railway station|Groningen Europapark]] – [[Kropswolde railway station|Kropswolde]] – [[Martenshoek railway station|Martenshoek]] – [[Hoogezand-Sappemeer railway station|Hoogezand-Sappemeer]] – [[Sappemeer Oost railway station|Sappemeer oost]] – [[Zuidbroek railway station|Zuidbroek]] – [[Scheemda railway station|Scheemda]] – [[Winschoten railway station|Winschoten]] – (lower service) [[Bad Nieuweschans railway station|Bad Nieuweschans]] – [[Weener railway station|Weener]] (Due to a broken bridge, trains do not go on to [[Leer railway station|Leer]]. Take a bus from Groningen or [[Weener]].) 
*[[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Groningen Europapark railway station|Groningen Europapark]] – [[Haren (NL) railway station|Haren]] – [[Assen railway station|Assen]] – [[Beilen railway station|Beilen]] – [[Hoogeveen railway station|Hoogeveen]] – [[Meppel railway station|Meppel]] – [[Zwolle railway station|Zwolle]]
*[[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Assen railway station|Assen]] – [[Zwolle railway station|Zwolle]] – [[Amersfoort railway station|Amersfoort Centraal]] – [[Utrecht Centraal railway station|Utrecht Centraal]] – [[Gouda railway station|Gouda]] – [[Rotterdam Alexander railway station|Rotterdam Alexander]] – [[Rotterdam Centraal railway station|Rotterdam Centraal]]
*[[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Assen railway station|Assen]] – [[Zwolle railway station|Zwolle]] – [[Lelystad Centrum railway station|Lelystad Centrum]] – [[Almere Centrum railway station|Almere Centrum]] – [[Amsterdam zuid railway station|Amsterdam South]] – [[Schiphol railway station|Schiphol]] – [[Leiden Centraal railway station|Leiden Centraal]] – [[Den Haag Centraal railway station|Den Haag Centraal / The Hague Centraal]]

====Buses====
{{col-begin}}
Groningen has bus lines and Q-Link—a network of buses similar to a tram/metro network.<ref name="BijlOort2018">{{cite book |author1=Rob van Der Bijl |author2=Niels Van Oort |author3=Bert Bukman |title=Light Rail Transit Systems: 61 Lessons in Sustainable Urban Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t31gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 |date=29 June 2018 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-814785-6 |pages=166–186}}</ref>
{{col-2}}
City & Q-Link lines:<ref name="buses">{{cite web |title=OV in cijfersInteractieve lijnennetkaart |url=https://www.ovbureau.nl/ov-cijfers/interactieve/ |publisher=OV-bureau Groningen Drenthe |access-date=12 August 2020 |language=nl}}</ref>
*1: [[Groningen railway station|Main Station]] – City Center – [[University Medical Center Groningen|UMCG]] North – [[Groningen Noord railway station|Station Groningen North]] – [[University of Groningen|Zernike]] – P+R Reitdiep
*2: [[Groningen Europapark railway station|Groningen Europapark]] – [[University Medical Center Groningen|UMCG]] Main Entrance – [[University Medical Center Groningen|UMCG]] North – [[Groningen Noord railway station|Station Groningen North]] – [[University of Groningen|Zernike]] – [[Zuidhorn railway station|Station Zuidhorn]]
*3: [[Lewenborg]] – P+R Kardingen – [[Groningen railway station|Main Station]] – P+R [[Hoogkerk]] – [[Leek, Netherlands|Leek]]
*4: [[Beijum]] – P+R Kardingen – [[Groningen railway station|Main Station]] – P+R [[Hoogkerk]] – [[Peize]] – [[Roden, Drenthe|Roden]]
*5: [[Harkstede]] – P+R [[Meerstad]] – [[University Medical Center Groningen|UMCG]] Main Entrance – City Centre – [[Groningen railway station|Main Station]] – P+R [[Haren, Groningen|Haren]] – [[Zuidlaren]] – [[Annen]]
*6: P+R [[Haren, Groningen|Haren]] – [[Groningen railway station|Main Station]] – [[University Medical Center Groningen|UMCG]] Main Entrance – [[Ten Boer]] – [[Appingedam]] – [[Delfzijl]]
*7: De Wijert – [[Groningen railway station|Main Station]] – Westerhaven – Vinkhuizen – Paddepoel – [[Groningen Noord railway station|Station Groningen North]]
*8: P+R [[Hoogkerk]] – [[Hoogkerk]] – Westerhaven – [[Groningen railway station|Main Station]] -[[Groningen Europapark railway station|Groningen Europapark]] – Corpus den Hoorn – Martini hospital – P+R [[Hoogkerk]]
*9: [[Eelde]] – [[Paterswolde]] – Martini hospital – Corpus den Hoorn – De Wijert – [[Groningen railway station|Main Station]] – Westerhaven – Paddepoel – [[Groningen Noord railway station|Station Groningen North]] or [[University of Groningen|Zernike]]
*10: Corpus den Hoorn – Martini hospital – [[Groningen railway station|Main Station]] – Korrewegwijk – [[Groningen Noord railway station|Station Groningen North]]
*15: [[Groningen railway station|Main Station]] – Paddepoel – [[University of Groningen|Zernike]]
*18: P+R [[Hoogkerk]] – Vinkhuizen – Paddepoel – [[University of Groningen|Zernike]]

Q-Liner lines:<ref name="buses" />
*300: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – P+R Westlaren ([[Zuidlaren]]) – P+R [[Gieten]] – P+R [[Borger (Drenthe)|Borger]] – Emmen
*304: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – P+R [[Hoogkerk]] – [[Drachten]]
*309: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Assen]] Busstation Marsdijk – Kloosterveen
*312: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – P+R [[Haren, Groningen|Haren]] – P+R [[Annen]] – P+R [[Gieten]] – [[Gasselte]] – [[Stadskanaal]]
*314: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Drachten]]
*315: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Heereveen]] – [[Emmeloord]]
*324: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Emmeloord]]

Night lines:<ref name="buses" />
*406: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Ten Boer]] – [[Appingedam]] – [[Delfzijl]]
*417: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] → P+R [[Hoogkerk]] → [[Peize]] → [[Roden, Drenthe|Roden]] → [[Leek, Netherlands|Leek]] → P+R [[Hoogkerk]] – [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]]
*418: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] → [[Haren, Groningen|Haren]] → [[Zuidlaren]] → [[Annen]] → P+R [[Gieten]] → P+R [[Annen]] → P+R Westlaren → P+R [[Haren, Groningen|Haren]] → [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] 
*419: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Assen]] Busstation Marsdijk – [[Assen railway station|Station Assen]]

{{col-2}}
Regional lines:<ref name="buses" />
*35: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Aduard]] – [[Oldehove, Groningen|Oldehove]]
*39: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – Vinkhuizen – [[Zuidhorn]] – [[Grootegast]] – [[Surhuisterveen]]
*50: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Haren, Groningen|Haren]] – [[Glimmen]] – [[Vries, Drenthe|Vries]] – [[Assen railway station|Station Assen]]
*51: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Haren, Groningen|Haren]] – [[Zuidlaren]] – [[Annen]] – [[Loon]] – [[Assen railway station|Station Assen]]
*61: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Bedum]] – [[Middelstum]] – [[Uithuizen]]
*65: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Winsum]] – [[Zoutkamp]]
*76: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Hoogezand]]
*85:[[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Leek, Netherlands|Leek]] – [[Oosterwolde, Friesland|Oosterwolde]] 
*107: [[University of Groningen|Zernike]] – P+R [[Gieten]] – [[Gasselte]] – [[Stadskanaal]]
*109: [[University of Groningen|Zernike]] – [[Tynaarlo]] – [[Assen]] Busstation Marsdijk
*133: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – P+R [[Hoogkerk]] – Via [[A7 motorway (Netherlands)|A7]] – [[Grootegast]] – [[Surhuisterveen]]
*139: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Hoogkerk]] – [[Grootegast]] – [[Surhuisterveen]]
*163: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Winsum]] – [[Lauwersoog]] (connecting the ferry to [[Schiermonnikoog (island and municipality)|Schiermonnikoog]])
*171: [[University of Groningen|Zernike]] – Via [[A7 motorway (Netherlands)|A7]] – [[Hoogezand]] – [[Veendam]]
*178: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] – [[Slochteren]] – [[Siddeburen]] – [[Appingedam]] (limited Service to [[Appingedam]])
Other lines:<ref name="buses" />
*563: [[Lewenborg]] – [[Thesinge]] – [[Sint Annen]] – [[Ten Boer]]
*564: [[Ten Boer]] – [[Woltersum]] – [[Appingedam]]
*637: [[Groningen railway station|Groningen]] → [[Zuidhorn]] → [[Grijpskerk]] → [[Zoutkamp]]
*679: [[University of Groningen|Zernike]] ← [[Winschoten]]
{{col-end}}
Direct bus routes from Groningen to [[Bremen]], [[Hamburg]], [[Berlin]], and [[Munich]] are also available.

===Motorways===
The [[A28 motorway (Netherlands)|A28 motorway]] connects Groningen to [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] (via [[Assen]], [[Zwolle]] and [[Amersfoort]]).<ref name="Eyewitness2017">{{cite book |author=DK Eyewitness |title=DK Eyewitness The Netherlands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KXDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA309 |date=6 July 2017 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |isbn=978-0-241-45190-8 |page=309}}</ref> The [[A7 motorway (Netherlands)|A7 motorway]] connects it to [[Friesland]] and [[Zaandam]] (West), and [[Winschoten]] and [[Leer, Lower Saxony|Leer]] (East).<ref name="DoddGrace1989">{{cite book |author1=Vincent A. Dodd |author2=Patrick M. Grace |title=Agricultural Engineering: Proceedings of the 11th International Congress, Dublin, 4-8 September 1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIrxAOPL9tsC&pg=PA176 |date=1 June 1989 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-90-6191-980-3 |pages=176–181}}</ref>

===Airport===
[[File:Boeing_737-8K2,_Transavia_Airlines_JP5966774.jpg|thumb|Groningen Airport Eelde]]
[[Groningen Airport Eelde]] is an international airport located near [[Eelde]], in [[Drenthe]], with scheduled services to [[Guernsey]], [[Gran Canaria]], [[Antalya]], [[Crete]], [[Mallorca]] and [[Bodrum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Destinations |url=https://www.groningenairport.nl/bestemmingen-overzicht |publisher=Groningen Airport Eelde |access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>