Editing Grammatical case (section)

=== Sanskrit ===
Grammatical case was analyzed extensively in [[Sanskrit]]. The grammarian [[Pāṇini]] identified six semantic [[Theta role|roles]] or ''kāraka'',<ref>Pieter Cornelis Verhagen, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5vmaX_JQzc4C&pg=PA281 Handbook of oriental studies: India. A history of Sanskrit grammatical literature in Tibet, Volume 2]'', BRILL, 2001, {{ISBN|90-04-11882-9}}, p. 281.</ref> which are related to the following eight Sanskrit cases in order:<ref>''[[s:Sanskrit Grammar/Chapter V#Nouns and Adjectives|W.D. Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar]]''</ref>
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="3" |Root word: वृक्ष (vṛ́kṣa) [Tree]
|-
!Singular
!Dual
!Plural
|-
| Kartṛ 
कर्तृ 
|[[nominative case|Nominative]]
|वृक्षः

vṛkṣaḥ
| rowspan="3" |वृक्षौ
vṛkṣau
| rowspan="2" |वृक्षाः / वृक्षासः¹
vṛkṣāḥ / vṛkṣāsaḥ¹
|-
|Sambodhana 
सम्बोधन
|[[Vocative case|Vocative]]
|वृक्ष

vṛkṣa
|-
| Karma
कर्म 
|[[Accusative case|Accusative]]
|वृक्षम्
vṛkṣam
|वृक्षान्
vṛkṣān
|-
| Karaṇa
करण 
|[[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|वृक्षेण

vṛkṣeṇa
| rowspan="3" |वृक्षाभ्याम्

vṛkṣābhyām
|वृक्षैः / वृक्षेभिः¹
vṛkṣaiḥ / vṛkṣebhiḥ¹
|-
| Sampradāna
सम्प्रदान 
|[[Dative case|Dative]]
|वृक्षाय
vṛkṣāya
| rowspan="2" |वृक्षेभ्यः
vṛkṣebhyaḥ
|-
| Apādāna
अपादान 
|[[Ablative case|Ablative]]
|वृक्षात्
vṛkṣāt
|-
| Sambandha
सम्बन्ध 
|[[Genitive case|Genitive]]
|वृक्षस्य
vṛkṣasya
| rowspan="2" |वृक्षयोः
vṛkṣayoḥ
|वृक्षाणाम्
vṛkṣāṇām
|-
| Adhikaraṇa 
अधिकरण 
|[[Locative case|Locative]]
|वृक्षे
vṛkṣe
|वृक्षेषु
vṛkṣeṣu
|}
|-
|'''¹''' Vedic
|}
For example, in the following sentence ''leaf'' is the agent (''kartā'', nominative case), ''tree'' is the source (''apādāna'', ablative case), and ''ground'' is the locus (''adhikaraṇa'', locative case). The [[Sanskrit nouns#Basic noun and adjective declension"|declensions]] are reflected in the morphemes ''-āt'', ''-am'', and ''-au'' respectively.

{{interlinear|indent=2
| vṛkṣ-āt parṇ-am bhūm-au patati
| {'''from''' the tree} {a leaf} {'''on''' the ground} falls
|}}

However, the cases may be deployed for other than the default thematic roles. A notable example is the passive construction. In the following sentence, ''Devadatta'' is the ''kartā'', but appears in the instrumental case, and ''rice'', the ''karman'', object, is in the nominative case (as subject of the verb). The [[Sanskrit nouns#Basic noun and adjective declension"|declensions]] are reflected in the morphemes ''-ena'' and ''-am''.

{{interlinear|indent=2
| devadatt-ena odan-am pacyate
| {'''by''' Devadatta} {the rice} {is cooked}
|}}