Editing Golden eagle (section)

=== Natural mortality ===
Natural sources of mortality are largely reported in anecdotes. On rare occasions, golden eagles have been killed by competing predators or by hunting mammalian carnivores, including the aforementioned wolverine, snow leopard, cougar, brown bear and white-tailed eagle attacks. Most competitive attacks resulting in death probably occur at the talons of other golden eagles. Nestlings and fledglings are more likely to be killed by another predator than free-flying juveniles and adults. It has been suspected that golden eagle nests may be predated more frequently by other predators (especially birds, which are often the only other large animals that can access a golden eagle nest without the assistance of man-made climbing equipment) in areas where golden eagles are regularly disturbed at the nest by humans. Jeff Watson believed that common raven occasionally eats golden eagle eggs but only in situations where the parent eagles have abandoned their nesting attempt.<ref name= Watson/> However, there are no confirmed accounts of predation by other bird species on golden eagle nests.<ref name= Watson/> Occasionally, golden eagles may be killed by their prey in self-defense. There is an account of a golden eagle dying from the quills of a [[North American porcupine]] (''Erethizon dorsatum'') it had attempted to hunt.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lano, A. |title=Golden Eagle ''Aquila chrysaetos'' and porcupine |journal=Auk |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=258–9 |year=1922 |jstor=4073972 |doi=10.2307/4073972}}</ref> On the [[Rùm|Isle of Rùm]] in Scotland, there are a few cases of red deer trampling golden eagles to death, probably the result of a doe having intercepted a bird that was trying to kill a fawn.<ref>Love, J. A. (1989). ''Eagles''. Whittet Books, London.</ref>  Although usually well out-matched by the predator, occasionally other large birds can put up a formidable fight against a golden eagle. An attempted capture of a [[great blue heron]] by a golden eagle resulted in the death of both birds from wounds sustained in the ensuing fight.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Santy, D.|year= 1964|title=A recollection of an encounter between a Golden Eagle and a Great Blue Heron|journal= Blue Jay|volume= 22|issue= 2|page= 55|doi= 10.29173/bluejay2691|doi-access= free}}</ref>  There is at least one case in Scotland of a golden eagle dying after being "oiled" by a [[northern fulmar]], a bird whose primary defense against predators is to disgorge an oily secretion which may inhibit the predator's ability to fly.<ref>Gordon, S. (1971). ''Oil and the eagle: an unsolved riddle''. Country Life, December: 1639.</ref>  Of natural sources of death, starvation is probably under-reported. 11 of 16 dead juvenile eagles which had hatched in Denali National Park had died of starvation.<ref name= McIntyre2/>  Of 36 deaths of golden eagles in Idaho, 55% were possibly attributable to natural causes, specifically 8 (26%) from unknown trauma, 3 (10%) from disease and 6 (19%) from unknown causes.<ref name= Bortolotti2>{{cite journal |author=Bortolotti, G.R. |title=Trap and poison mortality of Golden and Bald Eagles |journal=Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=1173–9 |year=1984 |jstor=3801778 |doi=10.2307/3801778}}</ref>  Of 266 golden eagle deaths in Spain, only 6% were from unknown causes that could not be directly attributed to human activities.<ref name= Arroyo>Arroyo, B., Ferreiro, E. & Garza, V. (1990). ''El Aquila Real ''Aquila chrysaetos'' en Spana: distribution, reproduccion y conservacion''. ICONA, Madrid.</ref>  Avian cholera caused by bacteria (''[[Pasteurella multocida]]'') infects eagles that eat waterfowl that have died from the disease. The [[protozoa]]n ''[[Trichomonas]]'' sp. caused the deaths of four fledglings in a study of wild golden eagles in Idaho.<ref name= Beecham>{{cite journal |author1=Beecham, I.J. |author2=Kochert, M.N. |title=Breeding biology of the golden eagle in southwestern Idaho |journal=Wilson Bulletin |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=506–513 |year=1975 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v087n04/p0506-p0513.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v087n04/p0506-p0513.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> Several further diseases that contribute to golden eagle deaths have been examined in Japan.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ikedia, Y. |author2= Yamazaki, T. |year=1988|title=Diseases of Golden Eagles: a review|journal= Aquila Chrysaetos|volume= 6|pages= 36–40}}</ref> A captive eagle died from two [[Cancer|malignant tumors]] – one in the liver and one in the kidney.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mikaelian, I.R. |title=Metastatic cholangiocellular carcinoma and renal adenocarcinoma in a golden eagle (''Aquila chrysaetos'') |journal=Avian Pathology |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=321–5 |year=1998 |doi=10.1080/03079459808419345|pmid=18484007 |last2=Patenaude |first2=Robert |last3=Girard |first3=Christiane |last4=Martineau |first4=Daniel |doi-access=free }}</ref>