Editing Glossary of chess (section)

==S==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= S|content= S {{anchor|S}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from {{langx|de|Springer}}, "jumper"] Alternative notation for the [[#knight|knight]]. Used rather than ''K'', which means [[#king|king]]. }}

{{term|term= sac|content= sac {{anchor|Sac|sacs}} }}
{{defn|defn= Short for ''[[#sacrifice|sacrifice]]'', usually used to describe a sacrifice for a [[#mating attack|mating attack]].<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 238">Ashley 2007, p. 238</ref>}}

{{term|term= sacrifice|content= [[Sacrifice (chess)|sacrifice]] {{anchor|Sacrifice|sacrifices|sacrificed|sacrificing}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move or capture that voluntarily gives up material in return for an advantage such as space, development, or an attack. A sacrifice in the [[#opening|opening]] is called a [[#gambit|gambit]], especially when applied to a pawn.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 441">Silman 1999, p. 441</ref>}}

{{term|term= SAN|content= [[Algebraic notation (chess)#Notation for moves|SAN]] {{anchor|SAN}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for standard [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]] or short algebraic notation (e.g. 1.Nf3), as opposed to [[Algebraic notation (chess)#Long algebraic notation|long algebraic notation]] (e.g. 1.Ng1-f3).}}

{{term|term= sans voir|content= sans voir {{anchor|Sans voir}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from French] See ''[[#blindfold chess|blindfold chess]]''.}}

{{term|term= scalp|content= scalp {{anchor|scalp|scalped|scalping}} }}
{{defn|defn= [slang] To defeat a much higher-ranked player, especially a titled player.}}

[[File:scholars mate animation.gif|frame|right|Scholar's mate]]

{{term|term= Scholar's mate|content= [[Scholar's mate]] {{anchor|Scholar's mate|Scholar's Mate|Scholar's checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A four-move checkmate (common among novices) in which White plays 1.e4, follows with Qh5 (or Qf3) and Bc4, and finishes with 4.Qxf7#.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 58">Staunton 2014, p. 58</ref>}}

{{term|term= score|content= score {{anchor|Score|scores}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= The recorded moves in a game. See ''[[#game score|game score]]''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A player's score in a match or tournament, which is almost always 1 point for each win and ½ point for each draw. See [[Chess scoring]].}}

[[Image:Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg|thumb|210px|A score sheet]]

{{term|term= score sheet|content= score sheet {{anchor|Score sheet|scoresheet|score-sheet|score sheets|scoresheets}} }}
{{defn|defn= The sheet of paper used to record a game in progress. During formal games, it is usual for both players to record the game using a score sheet. A completed score sheet contains the [[#game score|game score]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 134">Pandolfini 1996, p. 134</ref>}}

{{term|term= sealed move|content= sealed move {{anchor|Sealed move}} }}
{{defn|defn= To prevent unfair advantage when an [[#OTB|OTB]] game is [[#adjournment|adjourned]], the player whose turn it is to move is required to write down their next move and put it in a sealed envelope. Upon resumption, the [[#arbiter|arbiter]] opens the sealed envelope, makes the move and the game continues. The player may be disqualified if the sealed move is illegal, ambiguous or unclear. Adjournments and sealed moves are no longer standard practice. See also [[Adjournment (games)]].}}

{{term|term= second|content= second {{anchor|Second|seconds}} }}
{{defn|defn= An assistant hired to help a player in preparation for and during a major match or tournament. The second assists in areas such as [[#opening preparation|opening preparation]]. The second also used to assist with [[#adjournment|adjournment]] analysis before the practice of adjournments was largely abandoned in the 1990s.<ref>[http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262378 All The King's Men] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024222221/http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262378 |date=24 October 2009 }}, Outlook Business, 31 October 2009</ref> <!-- use this link if the outlookindia one disappears http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5851 -->}}

{{term|term= second player|content= second player {{anchor|Second player}} }}
{{defn|defn= The expression "the second player" is sometimes used to refer to [[#Black|Black]].}}

{{term|term= seesaw|content= seesaw {{anchor|Seesaw|seesaws}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#windmill|windmill]]''.}}

{{term|term= Semi-Closed Game|content= [[Semi-Closed Game]] {{anchor|Semi-Closed Game|Semi-closed game|semi-closed game}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that begins with White playing 1.d4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...d5.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 365. ''semi-close game''.</ref> Also called ''half-closed game''.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 165. ''half-close game''.</ref> See also ''[[#Open Game|Open Game]]'' and ''[[#Closed Game|Closed Game]]''.}}

{{term|term= semi-open file|content= semi-open file {{anchor|Semi-open file|semi-open files}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#half-open file|half-open file]]''.}}

{{term|term= Semi-Open Game|content= [[Semi-Open Game]] {{anchor|Semi-Open Game|Semi-open game|semi-open game}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that begins with White playing 1.e4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...e5.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 365. ''semi-open game''.</ref> Also called ''half-open game''.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 165. ''half-open game''.</ref> See also ''[[#Open Game|Open Game]]'' and ''[[#Closed Game|Closed Game]]''.}}

{{term|term= seventy-five-move rule|content= [[Fifty-move rule#Seventy-five-move rule|seventy-five-move rule]] {{anchor|Seventy-five-move rule}} }}
{{defn|defn= The game is drawn if no capture or pawn move has occurred in the last seventy-five moves by either side, related to the [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]] for looking at a series of moves without capture or pawn move.{{refn|Article 9.6.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}}}}

{{term|term= sham sacrifice|content= [[Sacrifice (chess)#Real versus sham|sham sacrifice]] {{anchor|Sham sacrifice|sham sacrifices}} }}
{{defn|defn= An offer of [[#material|material]] that is made at no risk, as acceptance would lead to the gain of equal or greater material or [[#checkmate|checkmate]]. This is in contrast to a ''true sacrifice'' in which the [[#compensation|compensation]] is less tangible. Also called ''pseudo sacrifice''.<ref>Brace 1977, p. 257</ref>}}

{{term|term= sharp|content= sharp {{anchor|Sharp|sharper|sharpest}} }}
{{defn|defn= Risky, double-edged, highly [[#tactics|tactical]]. Sharp can be used to describe [[#move|moves]], maneuvers, positions, [[#opening|opening]] lines, and styles of play.<ref>Kaan 2016, p. 244</ref>}}

{{term|term= short castling|content= short castling {{anchor|Short castling}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#castling short|castling short]]''.}}

{{term|term= shot|content= shot {{anchor|Shot|shots}} }}
{{defn|defn= Colloquial for an unexpected or [[#sharp|sharp]] move that typically makes a [[#tactics|tactical]] threat or technical challenge for the opponent.}}

{{term|term= silent move}}
{{defn|defn= A move that has a dynamic tactical effect on a position, but that does not capture or attack an enemy piece.<ref>Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 136</ref><ref>Timman 2014, p. 166</ref> See also ''[[#quiet move|quiet move]]''.}}

{{term|term= simplification|content= simplification {{anchor|Simplification|simplify|simplifying}} }}
{{defn|defn= A strategy of exchanging pieces, often with one of the following goals: as a defensive measure to reduce the size of an attacking force; when having the advantage to reduce the opponent's [[#counterplay|counterplay]]; to try to obtain a [[#draw|draw]]; or as an attempt to gain an advantage by players who are strong in [[#endgame|endgame]] play with simplified positions.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 373; Silman 1999, p. 441</ref> Also called ''liquidation''.}}

[[Image:Maksimenko in simultaneous exhibition.jpg|thumb|210px|A simultaneous exhibition]]

{{term|term= simul|content= simul {{anchor|Simul|simuls}} }}
{{defn|defn= Short for ''[[#simultaneous_chess|simultaneous exhibition]]''.}}

{{term|term= simultaneous chess|content= [[Simultaneous exhibition|simultaneous chess]] {{anchor|Simultaneous chess|simultaneous exhibition|simultaneous exhibitions}} }}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess in which one player plays against several players simultaneously. It is usually an exhibition.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 239">Ashley 2007, p. 239</ref>}}

{{term|term= sitzfleisch|content= sitzfleisch {{anchor|Sitzfleisch}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "sitting flesh"] The ability to sit still.<ref>Fine 2015, p. 87</ref>}}

{{term|term= skewer|content= [[Skewer (chess)|skewer]] {{anchor|Skewer|skewers}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#attack|attack]] on a valuable piece, compelling it to move to avoid capture and thus expose a less valuable piece which can then be taken.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reinfeld|first=Fred|year=1955|title=1001 Winning Chess Sacrifices and Combinations|quote=The X-ray attack, or skewer attack, is the opposite of the pin.  In the X-ray attack, a piece attacks a hostile piece which is situated on a line with another piece of lesser value.  When the attacked piece moves off the line, it exposes the second piece to capture.|page=151|isbn=0-87980-111-5}}</ref><ref>Pandolfini 1988, p. 267</ref> See also ''[[#X-ray|X-ray]]''.}}

{{term|term= skittles|content= skittles {{anchor|Skittles}} }}
{{defn|defn= A casual or "pickup" game, usually played without a [[#chess clock|chess clock]]. At chess [[#tournament|tournaments]], a skittles room is where one goes to play for fun while waiting for the next formal game.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 239">Ashley 2007, p. 239</ref>}}

{{term|term= slow|content= slow {{anchor|Slow}} }}
{{defn|defn= Describes a strategy that requires too many [[#tempo|tempi]] to complete, allowing the opponent [[#time|time]] to [[#consolidation|consolidate]].}}

{{term|term= smothered mate|content= [[smothered mate]] {{anchor|Smothered mate|smothered checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A checkmate delivered by a [[#knight|knight]] in which the mated king is unable to escape because it is surrounded (or "smothered") by its own pieces.<ref>Staunton 2009, p. 25</ref>}}

{{term|term= Sofia rules|content= [[Draw by agreement#Only theoretical draws allowed (Sofia Rules)|Sofia rules]] {{anchor|Sofia rules}} }}
{{defn|defn= In the tournament played by Sofia rules, players are not allowed to draw by agreement. They could have draws by [[#stalemate|stalemate]], [[#threefold repetition|threefold repetition]], [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]], or insufficient material. Other draws are allowed only if the arbiter declares the game reached a drawn position.<ref>Giddins 2017, pp. 169–70</ref>}}

{{term|term= solid|content= solid {{anchor|Solid}} }}
{{defn|defn= An adjective used to describe a move, opening, or manner of play that is characterized by minimal risk-taking and emphasis on [[#quiet move|quiet]] [[#positional play|positional play]] rather than wild [[#tactics|tactics]].}}

{{term|term= sortie|content= sortie {{anchor|Sortie|sorties}} }}
{{defn|defn= A queen development in front of its own pawns, often early in the opening, usually for the purpose of exploiting an advantage in space or punishing an error by the opponent. So called because the queen is usually developed behind its own pawns for its protection.}}

{{term|term= sound|content= sound {{anchor|Sound}} }}
{{defn|defn= A correct move or plan. A sound [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] has sufficient [[#compensation|compensation]], a sound [[#opening|opening]] or [[#variation|variation]] has no known [[#refute|refutation]], and a sound {{chessprobgloss|composition|puzzle or composition}} has no known [[#cook|cooks]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 441">Silman 1999, p. 441</ref> Antonym: ''unsound''.}}

{{term|term= space|content= space {{anchor|Space|spatial}} }}
{{defn|defn= The squares [[#control|controlled]] by each player. A player controlling more squares than the other is said to have a ''spatial advantage''.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 441">Silman 1999, p. 441</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |
|  |bl|  |  |pd|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|The Spanish bishop on b5 in the [[Ruy Lopez]].
}}
{{term|term= Spanish bishop|content= Spanish bishop {{anchor|Spanish bishop|Spanish bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= A white [[#king bishop|king bishop]] developed to [[#algebraic notation|b5]]. This is characteristic of the [[Ruy Lopez]], also known as the Spanish Opening.}}

{{term|term= speed chess|content= speed chess {{anchor|Speed chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#blitz chess|blitz chess]]''.}}

{{term|term= spite check|content= spite check {{anchor|Spite check|spite checks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A harmless [[#check|check]] given by a player who is about to lose the game, that serves no purpose other than to momentarily delay the defeat.<ref>Reinfeld 2016, p. 151</ref>}}

{{term|term= squeeze|content= squeeze {{anchor|Squeeze}} }}
{{defn|defn= Making pawn moves that limit mobility, freedom and options for the opponent, typically causing a [[#zugzwang|zugzwang]].<ref>Pandolfini 1988, p. 78</ref>}}

{{term|term= staircase maneuver|content= [[staircase maneuver]] {{anchor|Staircase maneuver|staircase movement}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[Chess tactic|tactic]] by which a queen, rook, or king progresses along a diagonal by making a series of lateral steps using a series of [[#check|checks]] or alternating with [[#pin|pins]] and checks. Also called ''staircase movement''.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 387</ref>}}

{{term|term= stalemate|content= [[stalemate]] {{anchor|Stalemate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A position in which the player whose turn it is to move has no legal move and their [[#king|king]] is not in [[#check|check]]. A stalemate results in an immediate draw.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 53">Staunton 2014, p. 53</ref>}}

{{term|term= standard notation|content= standard notation {{anchor|Standard notation}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]]''.}}

{{term|term= starting square|content= starting square {{anchor|Starting square|starting squares}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#piece|piece]]'s starting square is the square it occupies at the beginning of the game.}}

[[Image:JaquesCookStaunton.jpg|thumb|210px|Staunton chessmen]]

{{term|term= Staunton chessmen|content= [[Staunton chess set]] {{anchor|Staunton chessmen|Staunton chess set}} }}
{{defn|defn= The standard design of chess pieces, required for use in competition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-the-chess-set-got-its-look-and-feel-14299092/?no-ist |title=How the Chess Set Got Its Look and Feel |last=Stamp |first=Jimmy |website=Smithsonian.com |date=3 April 2013 }}</ref>}}

{{term|term= stem game|content= stem game {{anchor|Stem game|stem games}} }}
{{defn|defn= A stem game is the chess game featuring the first use of a particular [[#opening|opening]] [[#variation|variation]]. Sometimes, the player or the venue of the stem game is then used to refer to that opening.}}

{{term|term= strategic crush|content= strategic crush {{anchor|Strategic crush}} }}
{{defn|defn= Win characterized by gradual accumulation of advantages and complete prevention of [[#counterplay|counterplay]].}}

{{term|term= strategy|content= [[Chess strategy|strategy]] {{anchor|Strategy|strategies}} }}
{{defn|defn= The basis of a player's moves. The evaluation of positions and ways to achieve goals. Strategy is often contrasted with [[#tactics|tactics]], which are the calculations of more immediate plans and [[#combination|combinations]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}

{{term|term= stong|content= strong {{anchor|Strong|strength|strengths}} }}
{{defn|defn= An effective and well-placed piece or pawn; a potential [[#outpost|outpost]]; a forceful or good move; a position having good winning chances; a highly [[#Elo rating system|rated]] player or one successful in tournaments; or a tournament having a sizable number of strong players competing, such as [[#Grandmaster|grandmasters]]. A "strong showing" refers to a player's high win ratio in a tournament. Antonym: ''weak'', e.g. a [[#weak square|weak square]].}}

{{term|term= stronger side|content= stronger side {{anchor|Stronger side}} }}
{{defn|defn= The side with a [[#material|material]] or [[#positional play|positional]] advantage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Comprehensive Chess Endings |last1=Averbakh |first1=Yuri |author-link1=Yuri Averbakh |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |page=viii }}</ref>}}

{{term|term= strongpoint|content= strongpoint {{anchor|Strongpoint|strongpoints|strong point|strong points}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A "strongpoint defense" means an [[#opening|opening]] that defends and retains a central pawn (White: e4 or d4; Black: e5 or d5), as opposed to exchanging the pawn and relinquishing occupation of that central square.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= More generically, a strongpoint can be any square heavily defended.}}

{{term|term= strong square|content= strong square {{anchor|Strong square|strong squares}} }}
{{defn|defn= A square on a player's 4th or greater [[#rank|rank]] on which the player can post a piece that cannot or will not be driven away by enemy pawns.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 400</ref> Cf. ''[[#weak square|weak square]]''.}}

{{term|term= sudden death|content= sudden death {{anchor|Sudden death}} }}
{{defn|defn= The most straightforward [[#time control|time control]] for a chess game: each player has a fixed amount of time available to make all moves. See also ''[[#fast chess|fast chess]]''.}}

{{term|term= support point |content= support point {{anchor|Support point|support points}} }}
{{defn|defn= A square that cannot be attacked by a pawn, and that can be occupied as a home base for a piece, usually a knight.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}

{{term|term= swap|content= swap {{anchor|Swap|swaps}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#exchange|exchange]]''.}}

{{term|term= swindle|content= [[Swindle (chess)|swindle]] {{anchor|Swindle|swindles}} }}
{{defn|defn= A ruse or trick played from a position that is inferior.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}

{{term|term= Swiss tournament|content= [[Swiss-system tournament|Swiss tournament]] {{anchor|Swiss tournament|Swiss-system tournament|Swiss tournaments}} }}
{{defn|defn= A system used in tournaments to determine pairings. In every round each player is paired with an opponent with the same or similar score.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 240">Ashley 2007, p. 240</ref> See also ''[[#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament]]''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|Example of symmetry 
|  |  |  |  |rd|  |kd|
|pd|pd|qd|nd|  |pd|pd|
|  |  |pd|  |  |nd|pd|
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |
|  |  |  |pl|  |  |  |
|  |  |pl|  |  |nl|pl|
|pl|pl|ql|nl|  |pl|pl|
|  |  |  |  |rl|  |kl|
|1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.Bd3 Bd6 5.Nf3 Nf6 6.0-0 0-0 7.Bg5 Bg4 8.Re1 Nbd7 9.Nbd2 c6 10.c3 Qc7 11.Qc2 Rfe8 12.Bh4 Bh5 13.Bg3 Bxg3 14.hxg3 Bg6 15.Rxe8+ Rxe8 16.Bxg6 hxg6 17.Re1 ({{em|diagram}}). [[José Raúl Capablanca|Capablanca]]–[[Géza Maróczy|Maróczy]], 1926.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1094365 |title=Capablanca vs. Maróczy, Lake Hopatcong 1926 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref> The game continued 17...Rxe1+ 18.Nxe1 Ne8 19.Nd3 Nd6 20.Qb3 a6 21.Kf1 {{chessAN|½–½}}
}}
{{term|term= symmetry|content= symmetry {{anchor|Symmetry|symmetric|symmetrical}} }}
{{defn|defn= A symmetrical position on the chessboard means the positions of one's pieces are exactly mirrored by the opponent's pieces. This most often occurs when Black mimics White's opening moves. Black is said to ''break symmetry'' when making a move that no longer imitates White's move.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}

{{term|term= system|content= system {{anchor|System|systems}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening system|opening system]]''.}}

{{glossary end}}