Editing Gene expression (section)

===Translational regulation===
[[File:Neomycin B C.svg|thumb|right|alt=A chemical structure of neomycin molecule.|[[Neomycin]] is an example of a small molecule that reduces expression of all protein genes inevitably leading to cell death; it thus acts as an [[antibiotic]].]]

{{Main|Translation (genetics)}}
Direct regulation of translation is less prevalent than control of transcription or mRNA stability but is occasionally used.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sonenberg N, Hinnebusch AG | title = Regulation of translation initiation in eukaryotes: mechanisms and biological targets | journal = Cell | volume = 136 | issue = 4 | pages = 731–745 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19239892 | pmc = 3610329 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.042 }}</ref> Inhibition of protein translation is a major target for [[toxin]]s and [[antibiotic]]s, so they can kill a cell by overriding its normal gene expression control.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jurėnas D, Van Melderen L | title = The Variety in the Common Theme of Translation Inhibition by Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems | journal = Frontiers in Genetics | volume = 11 | pages = 262 | date = 2020-04-17 | pmid = 32362907 | pmc = 7180214 | doi = 10.3389/fgene.2020.00262 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Protein synthesis inhibitor]]s include the antibiotic [[neomycin]] and the toxin [[ricin]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dmitriev SE, Vladimirov DO, Lashkevich KA | title = A Quick Guide to Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis | journal = Biochemistry. Biokhimiia | volume = 85 | issue = 11 | pages = 1389–1421 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33280581 | pmc = 7689648 | doi = 10.1134/S0006297920110097 }}</ref>