Editing Fuel injection (section)

=== 1870s–1930s: early systems ===
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 | image1 = Lufteinblasflaschen.jpg
 | caption1 = Air-blast injection system for an 1898 diesel engine
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 | caption2 = Mechanical port injection system on a 1906 [[Antoinette 8V]]  engine
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In 1872, [[George Brayton|George Bailey Brayton]] obtained a patent on an internal combustion engine that used a pneumatic fuel injection system, also invented by Brayton: [[air-blast injection]].<ref>Sass</ref>{{refpage|p=413}} In 1894, [[Rudolf Diesel]] copied Brayton's air-blast injection system for the diesel engine, but also improved it.<ref>Sass</ref>{{refpage|p=414}} He increased the air blast pressure from {{cvt|4-5|kp/cm2|kPa psi|order=out}} to {{cvt|65|kp/cm2|kPa psi|order=out}}.<ref>Sass</ref>{{refpage|p=415}} In the meantime, the first manifold injection system was designed by Johannes Spiel in 1884, while working at ''Hallesche Maschinenfabrik'' in Germany.<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, p. 6</ref> 

In 1891, the British [[Herbert_Akroyd_Stuart#Hornsby-Akroyd_engine|Herbert-Akroyd oil engine]] became the first engine to use a pressurised fuel injection system.<ref name=rwallis>{{cite book | last = Ransome-Wallis | first = Patrick | title = Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Railway Locomotives | publisher = Courier Dover Publications | year = 2001 | page = 27 | isbn = 0-486-41247-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From Earliest Records to 2000|last=Hall|first=Carl W.|publisher=Purdue University Press|year=2008|edition=1st|via=Credo Reference}}</ref> This design, called a [[hot-bulb engine]] used a 'jerk pump' to dispense [[fuel oil]] at high pressure to an injector. Another development in early diesel engines was the pre-combustion chamber, which was invented in 1919 by Prosper l'Orange<ref name="Mau 1984 p. 11">{{cite book | last=Mau | first=Günter | title=Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb | publisher=Vieweg+Teubner Verlag | year=1984 | isbn=978-3-322-90621-2 | language=de | page=11}}</ref> to avoid the drawbacks of air-blast injection systems. The pre-combustion chamber made it feasible to produce engines in size suitable for automobiles and [[MAN Truck & Bus]] presented the first direct-injected diesel engine for trucks in 1924.<ref name="von Fersen_130">von Fersen (ed.), p. 130</ref> Higher pressure diesel injection pumps were introduced by [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] in 1927.

In 1898, German company [[Deutz AG]] started producing four-stroke petrol [[stationary engine]]s<ref name="Cummins_1971">{{cite journal |last1=Cummins, Jr. |first1=C. Lyle |date=1976 |title=Early IC and Automotive Engines |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44648442 |journal=SAE Transactions |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=1966 |doi= |jstor=44648442 |access-date=2024-02-07}}</ref> with manifold injection.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} The 1906 [[Antoinette 8V]] aircraft engine (the world's first V8 engine) was another early four-stroke engine that used manifold injection. The first petrol engine with direct-injection was a two-stroke aircraft engine designed by Otto Mader in 1916.<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, p. 7</ref> Another early spark-ignition engine to use direct-injection was the 1925 [[Hesselman engine]], designed by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman.<ref>{{cite book |title=Scania fordonshistoria 1891-1991 |first=Björn-Eric |last=Lindh |year=1992 |publisher=Streiffert |language=sv |isbn=978-91-7886-074-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Volvo – Lastbilarna igår och idag |first=Christer |last=Olsson |year=1990 |publisher=Förlagshuset Norden |language=sv |isbn=978-91-86442-76-7}}</ref> This engine could run on a variety of fuels (such as oil, kerosene, petrol or diesel oil)<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, pp. 17–18</ref> and used a [[Stratified charge engine|stratified charge]] principle whereby fuel is injected towards the end of the compression stroke, then ignited with a [[spark plug]].

The [[Cummins]] ''Model H'' diesel truck engine was introduced in America in 1933.<ref>{{cite web |title=1933 Kenworth Cummins Diesel – The First American Production Diesel Truck And With The First Vertical Exhaust Stack |url=https://www.curbsideclassic.com/automotive-histories/vintage-trucks-1933-kenworth-cummins-diesel-the-first-american-production-diesel-truck-and-the-first-vertical-exhaust-stack/ |website=Curbside Classic |access-date=24 December 2022 |date=7 December 2021}}</ref> In 1936, the [[Mercedes-Benz OM 138]] diesel engine (using a precombustion chamber) became one of the first fuel-injected engines used in a mass-production passenger car.<ref name="von Fersen_274">Olaf von Fersen (ed.): ''Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik. Personenwagen'', VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, {{ISBN|978-3-642-95773-4}}. p. 274</ref>