Editing Francis Drake (section)

===English Armada===
{{Main|English Armada}}
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| quote = The people of quality dislike him for having risen so high from such a lowly family; the rest say he is the main cause of wars.
| source = <small> – Gonzalo González del Castillo, letter to King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], 1592</small>{{sfn|Cummins|1997|p=5}}
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In 1589, the year after the failure of the Spanish Armada, the English sent their own armada to attack Spain. Drake and Norris were given three tasks. First, to destroy the battered Spanish Atlantic fleet, which was being repaired in ports of northern Spain. Second, to make a landing at [[Lisbon]], Portugal and raise a revolt there against King Philip II (Philip I of Portugal) installing the pretender Dom [[António, Prior of Crato]] to the Portuguese throne. And, third, to take the [[Azores]] if possible so as to establish a permanent base.<ref name="Meyer2011">{{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=G. J. |title=The Tudors: The Complete Story of England's Most Notorious Dynasty |date=2011 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-0385340779 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXwMQpRkn3UC&pg=PA527}}</ref>

In the [[siege of Coruña]], Drake and Norris destroyed a few ships in the harbour of [[A Coruña]] in Spain but were repelled. This defeat in all fronts delayed Drake for two weeks, and he was forced to forgo hunting the rest of the surviving ships and head on to Lisbon.{{sfn|Kraus|1970}}

Norris led his army on a difficult march over the rocky coast to Lisbon, while Drake sailed around the peninsula to join Essex with his heavy artillery. Norris's troops were sick and exhausted by the time they reached the western limits of the city, consequently he demanded that Dom António raise provisions and men to fight for his cause from amongst the local populace, or the army would retreat. Drake, against their agreed plans, had anchored his fleet in the mouth of the Tagus estuary, rather than running the risk of sailing past the well-defended stretches of the Tagus to bring the desperately needed heavy cannon and ordnance.<ref name="Guy2016">{{cite book |last1=Guy |first1=John |title=Elizabeth: The Later Years |year=2016 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1101609019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGdYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |pages=132–133}}</ref> The anticipated rebellion never materialised and the ground campaign was a total failure, so Norris, with his army and António, re-embarked to make an attempt at capturing the treasure fleet. The weather was not in their favour so they eventually sailed for home.

However, Drake wanted to atone for such a bitter setback and, in order not to return empty-handed and with the morale of his troops sunk, he made a fleeting stop in the Galician ''[[Rías Baixas|rías]]'', or coastal inlets, pillaging the defenceless town of Vigo for two days and razing it to the ground. This abusive demonstration did not leave the corsair unharmed, as he lost hundreds more men on land, in addition to as many as two hundred wounded.<ref name="Santos2018">{{cite book |last1=Santos |first1=Luis Gorrochategui |title=The English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History |year=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1350016996 |pages=231–233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-JDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA231}}</ref> The growing defences of the inhabitants, and the arrivals of militias from Portugal, put the ships in retreat again. Two of the vessels sailing back to Plymouth were captured in the [[Bay of Biscay]] by a squadron of [[zabra]]s led by Captain Diego de Aramburu.<ref name="González-Rodríguez2002">{{Cite journal |last1=González-Rodríguez |first1=Agustín Ramón |date=19 September 2002 |title=Una derrota de Drake ante Lisboa. |url=https://repositorioinstitucional.ceu.es/handle/10637/1416 |journal=Circulo Naval Español |page=252|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gonzalez-Arnao Conde-Luque |first=Mariano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oN5cIltA3IoC |title=Derrota y muerte de Sir Francis Drake, a Coruña 1589 – Portobelo 1596 |publisher=Xunta de Galicia, Servicio Central de Publicacións |year=1995 |isbn=978-8445314630 |page=94 |language=es}}</ref>

The failure cost the lives of 11,000 English soldiers and sailors, according to Bucholz and Key;<ref name="BucholzKey2008">{{cite book |last1=Bucholz |first1=Robert |last2=Key |first2=Newton |title=Early Modern England 1485–1714: A Narrative History |year=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1405162753 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WVvxIGRi-kC&pg=PA145}}</ref> [[Robert Hutchinson (historian)|Robert Hutchinson]] says between 8,000 and 11,000 died;<ref name="Hutchinson2014">{{cite book |last1=Hutchinson |first1=Robert |title=The Spanish Armada: A History |year=2014 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1466847484 |page=239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRzSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239}}</ref> while Gorrochategui Santos calculates the number at over 20,000.<ref name="Santos2018245">{{cite book |last1=Santos |first1=Luis Gorrochategui |title=The English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History |year=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1350016996 |page=245 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-JDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245}}</ref> Upon his return, Drake's behaviour in the expedition was increasingly called into question, culminating in his being charged by [[Privy Council of England|England's Privy Council]] of deliberate failings and a mishandling of his command. Despite never being publicly admonished on these charges,{{sfn|Sugden|2006|p=283}} he nevertheless fell out of favour, and was not given command of another naval expedition until 1595.<ref name="Wernham2020">{{cite book |last1=Wernham |first1=R. B. |title=Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589 |year=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1000341652 |page=xxxv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOcJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35}}</ref>