Editing Food coloring (section)

===Safety evaluation===
A 2023 update by the FDA on food colorants required safety assurances by manufacturers and restrictions on the types of foods in which colorants are used, their maximum amounts and labeling, batch certification, and the amount needed to attain the desired food coloring.<ref name="fda23">{{cite web |title=Color Additives in Foods |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/color-additives-information-consumers/color-additives-foods |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=24 June 2024 |date=6 July 2023}}</ref> Scientific consensus regards that food color additives are safe under the restrictions for use, and that most children have no [[adverse effect]]s when consuming foods with color ingredients; some individual studies, however, indicate that certain children may have [[Allergy|allergic sensitivities]] to colorants.<ref name="fda-color23">{{cite web |title=How Safe Are Color Additives? |url=https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/how-safe-are-color-additives |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=24 June 2024 |date=13 July 2023}}</ref> In October 2023, the state of California banned the colorant, [[Erythrosine|Red 3]], in food products starting in 2027.<ref>{{Cite magazine |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |vauthors=Osborne M |title=What to Know About California's New Law Banning Food Additives, Including Red Dye No. 3 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/california-bans-food-additives-including-red-dye-no-3-180983082/|date=17 October 2023 |access-date=24 June 2024|language=en}}</ref>

In the 20th century, widespread public belief that artificial food coloring causes [[ADHD]]-like hyperactivity in children originated from [[Benjamin Feingold]], a pediatric allergist from California, who proposed in 1973 that [[salicylates]], artificial colors, and artificial flavors cause hyperactivity in children.<ref>{{cite book |author=Feingold, B.F. |title=Introduction to clinical allergy |publisher=Charles C. Thomas |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-398-02797-1}}</ref> However, there is no [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]] to support broad claims that food coloring causes [[food intolerance]] and ADHD-like behavior in children.<ref>Tomaska LD and Brooke-Taylor, S. ''Food Additives – General'' pp. 449–454 in Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Vol 2: Hazards and Diseases. Eds, Motarjemi Y et al. Academic Press, 2013. {{ISBN|9780123786135}}</ref>{{rp|452}}<ref name="KavaleForness1983">{{cite journal|author=Kavale KA, Forness SR |title=Hyperactivity and Diet Treatment: A Meta-Analysis of the Feingold Hypothesis |journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities |volume=16 |issue=6 |year=1983 |pages=324–330 |issn=0022-2194 |doi=10.1177/002221948301600604|pmid=6886553 |s2cid=41744679 }}</ref> It is possible that certain food colorings may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed.<ref name=FDAdyecomm/><ref name=Peds2012>{{cite journal |author=Millichap JG, Yee MM |title=The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=2 | pages=330–337 |date=February 2012 |pmid=22232312|doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2199 |s2cid=14925322}}</ref>

Concerns were expressed again in 2011 that food colorings may cause ADHD-like behavior in children;<ref name=FDAdyecomm>FDA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110331210358/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/FoodAdvisoryCommittee/UCM248549.pdf Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: March 30–31, 2011]</ref> a 2015 literature review found the evidence inconclusive.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Amchova | first1 = Petra | last2 = Kotolova | first2 = Hana | last3 = Ruda-Kucerova | first3 = Jana | year = 2015 | title = Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants | journal = [[Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology]] | volume = 73 | issue = 3| pages = 914–922 | doi = 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.026 | pmid = 26404013 }}</ref> The UK Food Standards Agency examined the effects of [[tartrazine]], [[allura red]], [[ponceau 4R]], [[Quinoline Yellow WS|quinoline yellow]], [[sunset yellow]] and [[carmoisine]] on children. These colorants are found in beverages.<ref name=FDAdyecomm/><ref name=FSAguideline>Sarah Chapman of Chapman Technologies on behalf of Food Standards Agency in Scotland. March 2011 [Guidelines on approaches to the replacement of tartrazine (E102), allura red (E129), ponceau 4R (E124), quinoline yellow (E104), sunset yellow (E110), and carmoisine (E122) in food and beverages]</ref> The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in the children;<ref name=FDAdyecomm/><ref name=FSAguideline/> the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that because of study limitations, the results could not be extrapolated to the general population, and further testing was recommended.<ref name=COT>{{Cite web|author=Committee of Toxicity|publisher=UK Food Standards Agency|date=September 2007|url=https://cot.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/cot/colpreschil.pdf|title=Statement on the effects of mixtures of certain food colours and a preservative on behaviour in children|accessdate=24 June 2024 }}</ref><ref name=FDAdyecomm/> After continuous review as of 2024, the FSA stated that the above artificial food colors may induce hyperactivity in some children.<ref name=fsa24/> Food and drink products containing any of the six designated colors must warn consumers on the package labels, stating ''May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children''.<ref name=fsa24/>

The European regulatory community, with an emphasis on the [[precautionary principle]], required labeling and temporarily reduced the [[acceptable daily intake]] for the food colorings; the UK FSA called for voluntary withdrawal of the colorings by food manufacturers.<ref name=FDAdyecomm/><ref name=FSAguideline/> However, in 2009, the European Food Safety Authority re-evaluated the data at hand and determined that "the available scientific evidence does not substantiate a link between the color additives and behavioral effects" for any of the dyes.<ref name=EFSA2009>{{cite journal|author= EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food | doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1330 | volume=7 | title=Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) as a food additive | year=2009 | journal=EFSA Journal| issue=11 | page=1330 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=EFSA2009PR>{{cite journal|author=EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food|url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1328 |title=Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Ponceau 4R (E 124) as a food additive|journal= EFSA Journal |year=2009|volume=7|issue=11|page=1328|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1328 }}</ref><ref name=EFSA2009Tart>{{cite journal| author= EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food |date=November 2009 | title= Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102)| journal = EFSA Journal| volume= 7| issue= 11| pages= 1331–1382| doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1331| url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1331| doi-access= free}}</ref>