Editing First Crusade (section)

==Historiography==

{{further|Historiography of the Crusades|Historians and histories of the Crusades}}

[[Christendom|Latin Christendom]] was amazed by the success of the First Crusade for which the only credible explanation was divine providence. If the crusade had failed it is likely that the paradigm of crusading would have been abandoned. Instead, this form of religious warfare was popular for centuries and the crusade itself became one of the most written-about historic events of the medieval period.<ref name="Bréhier-2008">Bréhier, Louis René (1908). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Crusades (Bibliography and Sources)|Crusades (Sources and Bibliography)]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''4'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>{{sfn|Lapina|2015|loc=Introduction}} The [[wiktionary:historiographic|historiography]] (history of the histories) of the First Crusade and the Crusades in general, as expected, show works that reflect the views of the authors and the times that they lived in. Critical analyses of these works can be found in studies by [[Jonathan Riley-Smith]] and [[Christopher Tyerman]].<ref>{{harvnb|Tyerman|2011|pp=249–251}}</ref>

===Original sources===
The 19th-century French work ''[[Recueil des historiens des croisades]]'' (RHC) documents the original narrative sources of the First Crusade from Latin, Arabic, Greek, Armenian and Syriac authors. The documents are presented in their original language with French translations. The work is built on the 17th-century work ''Gesta Dei per Francos'', compiled by [[Jacques Bongars]].<ref name=":0">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bongars, Jacques|Jacques Bongars]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''4''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 204.</ref> Several Hebrew sources on the First Crusade also exist. A complete bibliography can be found in ''The Routledge Companion to the Crusades''.<ref name="Lock-2006">{{harvnb|Lock|2006|pp=445–482}}</ref> See also [[Crusade Texts in Translation]] and ''Selected Sources: The Crusades'',<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Selected Sources – The Crusades|encyclopedia=Internet Medieval Sourcebook|publisher=Fordham University|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/sbook1k.asp|last=Fordham University, Internet Medieval Sourcebook}}</ref> in Fordham University's ''[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project#Internet Medieval Sourcebook|Internet Medieval Sourcebook]].''
[[File:Gesta Francorum - Liber VI (Battle outside Antioch).webm|thumb|''Gesta Francorum – Liber VI'' (Battle outside Antioch) in Latin with English subtitles]]
The Latin narrative sources for the First Crusade are: (1) the anonymous ''[[Gesta Francorum]]''; (2) [[Peter Tudebode|Peter Tudebode's]] ''Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere''; (3) the Monte Cassino chronicle ''[[Historia belli sacri]]''; (4) ''[[Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem]]'' by [[Raymond of Aguilers]]; (5) [[Gesta Francorum Iherusalem peregrinantium|''Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Perefrinantium'']] by [[Fulcher of Chartres]]; (6) [[Albert of Aix|Albert of Aachen's]] ''Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis''; (7) [[Ekkehard of Aura|Ekkehard of Aura's]] ''Hierosolymita''; (8) Robert the Monk's [[Historia Hierosolymitana (Robert the Monk)|''Historia Hierosolymitana'']]; (9) [[Baldric of Dol|Baldric of Dol's]] ''Historiae Hierosolymitanae libri IV''; (10) [[Ralph of Caen|Radulph of Caen's]] [[Gesta Tancredi|''Gesta Tancredi in expeditione Hierosolymitana'']]; and (11) ''[[Dei gesta per Francos]]'' by [[Guibert of Nogent]]. These include multiple first-hand accounts of the Council of Clermont and the crusade itself.<ref name="Edgington-Murray-2006">Edgington, Susan, and Murray, Alan V. (2006). "Western Sources". In ''The Crusades – An Encyclopedia''. pp. 1269–1276.</ref> American historian [[August C. Krey|August Krey]] has created a narrative ''The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants'',<ref>Krey, August Charles. (1921). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009595006/Home The First Crusade]. Princeton: Princeton university press.</ref> verbatim from the various chronologies and letters which offers considerable insight into the endeavour.

Important related works include the Greek perspective offered in the ''[[Alexiad]]'' by Byzantine princess [[Anna Komnene]], daughter of the emperor. The view of the Crusades from the Islamic perspective is found in two major sources. The first, ''The Chronicle of Damascus'', is by Arab historian [[Ibn al-Qalanisi]]. The second is ''[[The Complete History]]'' by the Arab (or Kurdish) historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]]. Minor but important works from the Armenian and Syriac are [[Matthew of Edessa|Matthew of Edessa's]] ''Chronicle'' and the ''Chronicle'' of [[Michael the Syrian]]. The three Hebrew chronicles include the [[Solomon bar Simson Chronicle]] discussing the [[Rhineland massacres]].<ref>[[Angeliki Laiou|Angeliki E. Laiou]] and [[Roy Mottahedeh|Roy Parviz Mottahedeh]] (2001) [https://staging.doaks.org/resources/publications/books/the-crusades-from-the-perspective-of-byzantium-and The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World] Dumbarton Oaks.</ref> A complete description of sources of the First Crusade is found in [[Claude Cahen|Claude Cahen's]] ''La Syrie du nord à l'époque des croisades et la principauté franque d'Antioche''.{{sfn|Cahen|1940}}

The anonymous authors of the ''Gesta'', Fulcher of Chartres and Raymond of Aguilers were all participants in the Crusade, accompanied different contingents, and their works are regarded as foundational. Fulcher and Raymond both utilized ''Gesta'' to some extent, as did Peter Tudebode and the ''Historia Belli Sacri'', with some variations. The ''Gesta'' was reworked (some with other eyewitness accounts) by Guibert of Nogent, Baldric of Dol, and Robert the Monk, whose work was the most widely read. Albert's account appears to be written independently of the ''Gesta'', relying on other eyewitness reports. Derivative accounts of the Crusade include [[Bartolf of Nangis|Bartolf of Nangis']] ''Gesta Francorum Iherusalem expugnatium'',<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Bartolf of Nangis|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-the-medieval-chronicle/bartolf-of-nangis-SIM_00277?s.num=15|last=Kümper|first=Hiram|date=2016}}</ref> [[Henry of Huntingdon|Henry of Huntingdon's]] ''De Captione Antiochiae'',<ref>[[Henry Luard|Luard, Henry]] (1891). "[[wikisource:Henry of Huntingdon (DNB00)|Henry of Huntingdon]]". In [[Sidney Lee|Lee, Sidney]] (ed.). ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]''. '''26'''. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 118.</ref> [[Sigebert of Gembloux|Sigebert of Gembloux's]] ''Chronicon sive Chronographia'',<ref>{{Cite CE1913|last=Löffler|first=Klemens|wstitle=Sigebert of Gembloux|volume=13}}</ref> and [[Benedetto Accolti the Elder|Benedetto Accolti's]] ''De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros''.<ref name="Chisholm-1911">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Accolti, Benedetto|Accolti, Benedetto]]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''1''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 121.</ref>
[[File:Armenian Colophon of 1099.jpg|thumb|250px|The first known mention of the Frankish conquest of Jerusalem, in an Armenian colophon written in 1099<ref>[[Robert W. Thomson]]. "The Crusaders through Armenian Eyes", in [https://staging.doaks.org/resources/publications/books/the-crusades-from-the-perspective-of-byzantium-and ''The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World'']. Edited by Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh. Dumbarton Oaks, 2001. pp. 72–73.</ref>]]
A 19th-century perspective of these works can be found in [[Heinrich von Sybel|Heinrich von Sybel's]] ''History and Literature of the Crusades''.<ref name="Sybel-1861">Sybel, H. von (1861). ''Literature of the Crusades''. In  [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012476975/Home The history and literature of the crusades]. London. pp. 99–272.</ref> Von Sybel also discusses some of the more important letters and correspondence from the First Crusade that provide some historical insight.<ref>Barber, Malcolm, and Bate, Keith, ''[https://www.routledge.com/Letters-from-the-East-Crusaders-Pilgrims-and-Settlers-in-the-12th13th/Barber-Bate/p/book/9781472413932 Letters from the East:  Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries]'', Routledge, New York, 2016</ref> See also the works ''Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren'', ''1088–1100'',<ref>Hagenmeyer, H. (1901). Epistvlæ et chartæ ad historiam primi belli sacri spectantes qvæ svpersvnt ævo æqvales ac genvinæ: [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008642745/Home Die kreuzzugsbriefe aus den jahren 1088–1100]. Innsbruck.</ref> by Heinrich Hagenmeyer and ''Letters of the Crusaders'',<ref>Munro, D. Carleton. (1902). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007135585/Home Letters of the crusaders. rev. ed] Philadelphia, Pa.: The Dept. of history of the University of Pennsylvania.</ref> by [[Dana Carleton Munro]]. Hagenmeyer also prepared the ''Chronologie de la première croisade 1094–1100'', a day-by-day account of the First Crusade, cross-referenced to original sources, with commentary.<ref>{{harvnb|Hagenmeyer|1902}}</ref>

===Later works through the 18th century===
The popularity of these works shaped how crusading was viewed in the medieval mind. Numerous poems and songs sprung from the First Crusade, including [[Gilo of Toucy|Gilo of Toucy's]] ''[[Historia de via Hierosolymitana]]''.<ref>Derecki, Pawel, "[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-the-medieval-chronicle/gilo-of-toucy-SIM_01142?s.num=11 Gilo of Toucy]", in: ''Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle'', Edited by: Graeme Dunphy, Cristian Bratu.</ref> The well-known ''chanson de geste'', ''[[Chanson d'Antioche]]'', describes the First Crusade from the original preaching through the taking of Antioch in 1098 and into 1099. Based on Robert's work, ''Chanson d'Antioche'' was a valuable resource in helping catalog participants in the early Crusades and shaped how crusading was viewed in the medieval mind.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Chanson d'Antioch|encyclopedia=The Crusades – An Encyclopedia|last=Edgington|first=Susan B.|pages=235–236}}</ref> A later poem was [[Torquato Tasso]]'s 16th century ''[[Jerusalem Delivered|Gerusalemme liberata]]'', was based on Accolti's work and popular for nearly two centuries.<ref>Symonds, John Addington (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tasso, Torquato|Torquato Tasso]]" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''26''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 443–446.</ref> Tasso's work was converted into the biography ''Godfrey of Bulloigne, or, The recoverie of Jerusalem'',<ref>Tasso, T., Fairfax, E. (1600). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010823867/Home Godfrey of Bulloigne, or, The recoverie of Jerusalem]. London: A. Hatfield for J. Jaggard and M. Lownes.</ref> by [[Edward Fairfax]].

Later histories include English chronicler [[Orderic Vitalis|Orderic Vitalis']] ''Historia Ecclesiastica''.<ref>Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1900). "[[wikisource:Ordericus Vitalis (DNB00)|Ordericus Vitalis]]". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). ''Dictionary of National Biography''. '''42'''. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 241–242.</ref> The work was a general social history of medieval England that includes a section on the First Crusade based on Baldric's account, with added details from oral sources and biographical details. The ''Gesta'' and the more detailed account of Albert of Aachen were used as the basis of the work of [[William of Tyre]], ''Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum'' and its extensions.<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/William, archbishop of Tyre|William, archbishop of Tyre]]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''28.''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 677.</ref> The archbishop of Tyre's work was a major primary source for the history of the First Crusade and is regarded as their first analytical history. Later histories, through the 17th century, relied heavily on his writings. These histories used primary source materials, but they used them selectively to talk of Holy War (''bellum sacrum''), and their emphasis was upon prominent individuals and upon battles and the intrigues of high politics.{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=257}}<!-- <ref name="Lock-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Lock |first=Peter |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge, Abingdon |title=The Routledge Companion to the Crusades |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Companion-to-the-Crusades/Lock/p/book/9780415393126 |page=257}}</ref> -->*****

Others included in [[Jacques Bongars|Jacques Bongars']] work are ''Historia Hierosolymitana'' written by theologian and historian [[Jacques de Vitry]], a participant in a later crusade; ''Historia'' by Byzantine emperor [[John VI Kantakouzenos]], an account of Godfrey of Bouillon's arrival in Constantinople in 1096; and ''[[Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis]]'' by Venetian statesman and geographer [[Marino Sanuto the Elder|Marino Sanuto]], whose work on geography was invaluable to later historians. A biography of [[Godfrey of Bouillon]], ''Historia et Gesta Ducis Gotfridi'' ''seu historia de desidione Terræ sanctæ'', was written by anonymous German authors in 1141, relying on the original narratives and later histories, and appears in the [[Recueil des historiens des croisades#Volume 5 (1895)|RHC]].<ref name=":0" />

The first use of the term ''crusades'' was by 17th century French Jesuit and historian [[Louis Maimbourg]]<ref>Weber, Nicholas Aloysious (1910). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Louis Maimbourg|Louis Maimbourg]]". In ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''9'''. New York.</ref> in his ''Histoire des Croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte'',<ref>Maimbourg, L. (1677). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011820873/Home Histoire des croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte]. 2d ed. Paris.</ref> a populist and royalist history of the Crusades from 1195 to 1220. An earlier work by [[Thomas Fuller]],<ref name="Stephen-1889">Stephen, Leslie (1889). "[[wikisource:Fuller, Thomas (1608-1661) (DNB00)|Thomas Fuller]]". In ''Dictionary of National Biography''. '''20'''. London. pp. 315–320.</ref> ''The Historie of the Holy Warre'' refers to the entire enterprise as the ''Holy War'', with individual campaigns called ''voyages''. Fuller's account was more anecdotal than historical, and was very popular until the Restoration. The work used original sources from ''Gesta Dei per Francos''.<ref>Fuller, T. (1840). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006510818?type%5B%5D=author&lookfor%5B%5D=%22Fuller%2C%20Thomas%2C%201608-1661%22&ft= The history of the holy war]. London: W. Pickering.</ref>

Notable works of the 18th century include ''Histoire des Croisades'',<ref>Voltaire (1751). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008428814/Home Histoire des croisades]. Berlin.</ref> a history of the Crusades from the rise of the Seljuks until 1195 by French philosopher [[Voltaire]]. Scottish philosopher and historian [[David Hume]] did not write directly of the First Crusade, but his [[The History of England (Hume)|The History of England]]<ref>David Hume (1983). [https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/hume-the-history-of-england-6-vols The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688]. Indianapolis.</ref> described the Crusades as the [[The History of England (Hume)#The Crusades as the nadir of western civilisation|"nadir of Western civilization]]." This view was continued by [[Edward Gibbon]] in his [[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire|History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]], excerpted as ''The Crusades, A.D. 1095–1261''. This edition also includes an essay on [[chivalry]] by [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott]], whose works helped popularize the Crusades.<ref name="Gibbon-1870">Gibbon, E., Kaye, J., Scott, W., Caoursin, G. (1870). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005859904/Home The crusades]. London.</ref>

===The 19th and 20th centuries===

Early in the 19th century, the monumental ''Histoire des Croisades''<ref name="Michaud-1841">Michaud, J. Fr. (Joseph Fr.). (1841). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008232607/Home Histoire des croisades]. 6. éd. Paris.</ref> was published by the French historian [[Joseph François Michaud]].<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Michaud, Joseph François|Michaud, Joseph François]]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''18''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 361.</ref> under the editorship of [[Jean Joseph François Poujoulat|Jean Poujoulat]]. This provided a major new narrative based on original sources and was translated into English as ''The History of the Crusades''.<ref name="Michaud-1881">Michaud, J. Fr., Robson, W. (1881). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006664455/Home The history of the crusades]. New ed. London.</ref> The work covers the First Crusade and its causes, and the crusades through 1481. French historian Jean-François-Aimé Peyré expanded Michaud's work on the First Crusade with his ''Histoire de la Première Croisade'', a 900-page, two-volume set with extensive sourcing.<ref>Peyré, J. F. A. (1859). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005872844/Home Histoire de la première croisade]. Paris.</ref>

The English school of Crusader historians included [[Charles Mills (historian)|Charles Mills]]<ref>Goodwin, Gordon (1894). "[[wikisource:Mills, Charles (DNB00)|Mills, Charles]]" . In ''Dictionary of National Biography''. '''37'''. London. p. 444.</ref> who wrote ''[[History of the Crusades for the Recovery and Possession of the Holy Land]]'',<ref>Mills, C. (1822). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000631401/Home ''The history of the crusades for the recovery and possession of the Holy Land'']. 3d ed. London.</ref> a complete history of nine Crusades, disparaging Gibbon's work as superficial. [[Henry Stebbing (editor)|Henry Stebbings]]<ref>Courtney, William Prideaux (1898). "[[wikisource:Stebbing, Henry (1799-1883) (DNB00)|Stebbing, Henry (1799–1883)]]" . In ''Dictionary of National Biography''. '''54'''. London. pp. 124–125.</ref> wrote his ''History of Chivalry and the Crusades'',<ref>Stebbing, H. (1830). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000631885/Home ''The history of chivalry and the crusades'']. Edinburgh.</ref> a discussion of chivalry and history of the first seven Crusades. [[Thomas Andrew Archer|Thomas Archer]] and [[Charles Lethbridge Kingsford|Charles Kingsford]] wrote ''The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem'', rejecting the idea that the [[Fourth Crusade]] and the [[Albigensian Crusade]] should be designated as crusades.<ref name="Archer-1904">Archer, T. Andrew; Kingsford, C. Lethbridge. (1904). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000630931/Home ''The crusades: The story of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem'']. New York.</ref>

The German school of Crusaders was led by [[Friedrich Wilken|Friederich Wilken]],<ref>Stoll, A.  (1898). "[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz97946.html#adbcontent Friedrich Wilken]". In ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'' (ADB). '''43.''' Berlin.</ref> whose ''Geschichte der Kreuzzüge''<ref>Wilken, F. (1807–1832). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000672276/Home Geschichte der Kreuzzüge nach morgenländischen und abendländischen Berichten]. Leipzig.</ref> was a complete history of the Crusades, based on Western, Arabic, Greek and Armenian sources. Later, [[Heinrich von Sybel]],<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sybel, Heinrich von|Sybel, Heinrich von]]" . ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''26''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 275–276.</ref> who studied under [[Leopold von Ranke]] (the father of modern source-based history) challenged the work of William of Tyre as being secondary. His ''Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges''<ref>Sybel, H. von. (1841). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006568938/Home Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs]. Düsseldorf.</ref> was a history of the First Crusade and contains a full study of the authorities for the First Crusade, and was translated to ''History and Literature of the Crusades''<ref name="Sybel-1861" /> by English author [[Lucie, Lady Duff-Gordon]].<ref>George Clement Boase (1890). "[[wikisource:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gordon, Lucie|Gordon, Lucie]]". In ''Dictionary of National Biography''. '''22'''. London. p. 220.</ref>

The greatest German historian of the Crusades was then [[Reinhold Röhricht]]. His histories of the First Crusade, ''Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges'',<ref>Röhricht, R. (1901). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000632839/Home Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges]. Innsbruck.</ref> and of the kings of Jerusalem, ''Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem'',<ref>Röhricht, R. (1898). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005872855/Home Geschichte des königreichs Jerusalem (1100–1291)]. Innsbruck.</ref> laid the foundation of all modern crusade research.<ref name="La Monte-1940">La Monte, J. (1940). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2849087?refreqid=excelsior%3A07436ca71c747e4301c1daba43c0f216&seq=1 Some Problems in Crusading Historiography]. Speculum, 15(1), 57–75.</ref> His ''Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae''<ref>Röhricht, R. (1890). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012372568/Home Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae]. Berlin: H. Reuther.</ref> summarizes over 3500 books on the geography of the Holy Land, providing a valuable resource for historians. Röhricht's colleague [[Heinrich Hagenmeyer]] wrote ''Peter der Eremite'',<ref>Hagenmeyer, H. (1879). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005872824/Home Peter der Eremite]. Leipzig.</ref> a critical contribution to the history of the First Crusade and the role of Peter the Hermit.

Two encyclopedia articles appeared in the early 20th century that are frequently called out by Crusader historians.{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=268–269}}<!-- <ref name="Lock-2006b">{{Cite book |last=Lock |first=Peter  |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge, Abingdon |title=The Routledge Companion to the Crusades |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Companion-to-the-Crusades/Lock/p/book/9780415393126 |pages=268–269}}</ref>--> The first of these is ''Crusades'',<ref>Bréhier, Louis René. (1908). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Crusades|Crusades]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''4'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref name="Bréhier-2008" /> by French historian [[Louis Bréhier|Louis R. Bréhier]], appearing in the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]], based on his ''L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades''.<ref>Bréhier, L. (1907). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005859918/Home L'église et l'Orient au moyen âge: les croisades]. Paris: Lecoffre, J. Gabalda.</ref> The second is ''The Crusades'',<ref name="Barker-1911">Barker, Ernest (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Crusades|Crusades]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''7''' (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. pp. 524–552.</ref> by English historian [[Ernest Barker]], in the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]] (11th edition). Collectively, Bréhier and Barker wrote more than 50 articles for these two publications.<ref>''[[wikisource:Author:Louis René Bréhier|Louis René Bréhier (1868–1951)]]'' (1913). In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''4'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref>[[wikisource:Author:Ernest Barker|Ernest Barker (1874–1960)]] (1911). In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Index (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press.</ref> Barker's work was later revised as ''The Crusades''<ref name="Barker-1923" /> and Bréhier published ''Histoire anonyme de la première croisade''.<ref>Bréhier, L. (1924). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005859942/Home Histoire anonyme de la première croisade]. Paris: H. Champion.</ref> According to the ''Routledge Companion'', these articles are evidence that "not all old things are useless."{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=268–269}}<!-- <ref name="Lock-2006b" />-->

According to the ''Routledge Companion'',<ref>{{harvnb|Lock|2006|p=269}}</ref> the three works that rank as being monumental by 20th century standards are: [[René Grousset|René Grousset's]] ''Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem''; [[Steven Runciman]]'s 3-volume set of ''[[A History of the Crusades]]'', and the [[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades]] (Wisconsin History). Grousset's volume on the First Crusade was ''L'anarchie musulmane, 1095–1130'',<ref>Grousset, R. (193436). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000630923/Home Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem]. Paris: Plon.</ref> a standard reference in the mid-twentieth century. The next two are still enjoying widespread use today. Runciman's first volume ''The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem''<ref>{{harvnb|Runciman|1951}}.</ref> has been criticized for being out-of-date and biased, but remains one of the most widely read accounts of the crusade. The first volume of the Wisconsin History, ''Volume 1: The First One Hundred Years'', first appeared in 1969 and was edited by Marshall W. Baldwin. The chapters on the First Crusade were written by Runciman and Frederic Duncalf and again are dated, but still well-used references. Additional background chapters on related events of the 11th century are: Western Europe, by [[Sidney Painter]]; the Byzantine Empire, by [[Peter Charanis]]; the Islamic world by [[H. A. R. Gibb|H. A. B. Gibb]]; the Seljuk invasion, by [[Claude Cahen]]; and the [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]], by [[Bernard Lewis]].<ref name="Baldwin-1969">{{Cite web |last=Baldwin, M. W. |title=The History of the Crusades |volume=1: The First One Hundred Years |year=1969 |url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusOne}}</ref>

Bibliographies of works on the First Crusade through the 20th century include ones by French medievalist and Byzantinist [[Ferdinand Chalandon]] in his ''Histoire de la Première Croisade jusqu'à l'élection de Godefroi de Bouillon''{{sfn|Chalandon|1925|pp=4–8}} and the ''Select Bibliography on the Crusades'', compiled by [[Hans Eberhard Mayer|Hans E. Mayer]] and Joyce McLellan.<ref name="Mayer-1989">{{Cite web |last1=Mayer |first1=H. E. |last2=McLellan |first2=J |year=1989 |volume=VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe |title=Select bibliography of the Crusades |url=http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0029.pdf |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620044204/http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0029.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Modern histories of the First Crusade===

Since the 1970s, the Crusades have attracted hundreds of scholars to their study, many of whom are identified in the online database ''Historians of the Crusades'',<ref name="Crusader-studies">{{Cite web |website=Resources for Studying the Crusades (2007–1008) |title=Historians of the Crusades |date=10 July 2024 |url=http://www.crusaderstudies.org.uk/resources/historians/index.html}}</ref> part of the ''Resources for Studying the Crusades'' created at [[Queen Mary University of London]] in 2007–2008. Some of the more notable historians of the First Crusade include [[Jonathan Riley-Smith]] (1938–2016), the leading historian of the Crusades of his generation. His work includes ''The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading'' (1993)<ref>{{harvnb|Riley-Smith|1991}}.</ref> and ''The First Crusaders, 1095–1131'' (1998).<ref>{{harvnb|Riley-Smith|1998}}.</ref> His doctoral students are among the most renowned in the world<ref>{{Cite web|last=Resources for Studying the Crusades|title=Professor Jonathan Riley-Smith|date=10 July 2024 |url=http://www.crusaderstudies.org.uk/resources/historians/profiles/riley_smith/index.html}}</ref> and he led the team that created the ''Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 1096–1149''.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=J. S. C. Riley-Smith |author2=Jonathan Phillips |author3=Alan V. Murray |author4=Guy Perry |author5=Nicholas Morton|title=A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 1095–1149|url=https://www.dhi.ac.uk/crusaders/}}</ref> [[Carole Hillenbrand]] (born 1943) is an Islamic scholar whose work ''The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives'' (1999)<ref name="Hillenbrand-1999">{{harvnb|Hillenbrand|1999}}</ref> discusses themes that highlight how Muslims reacted to the presence of the Crusaders in the heart of traditionally Islamic territory and is regarded as one of the most influential works on the First Crusade. Other current researchers include [[Christopher Tyerman]] (born 1953) whose ''God's War: A New History of the Crusades'' (2006)<ref>{{harvnb|Tyerman|2006}}.</ref> is regarded as the definitive account of all the crusades. In his ''An Eyewitness History of the Crusades'' (2004),<ref>Tyerman, Christopher (2004). ''An Eyewitness History of the Crusades''. Folio Society.</ref> Tyerman provides the history of the crusades told from original eyewitness sources, both Christian and Muslim. [[Thomas Asbridge]] (born 1969) has written ''The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam'' (2004){{sfn|Asbridge|2004}} and the more expansive ''The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land'' (2012).{{sfn|Asbridge|2012}} [[Thomas F. Madden|Thomas Madden]] (born 1960) has written ''The New Concise History of the Crusades'' (2005)<ref>''The New Concise History of the Crusades'' (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005; repr New York: Barnes and Noble, 2007).</ref> and ''The Real History of the Crusades'' (2011).<ref>"[http://www.thearma.org/essays/Crusades.htm#.X-lIGS9h0mM The Real History of the Crusades]", ARMA, March 19, 2011 (updated 2005 piece)</ref> ''The Crusades—An Encyclopedia'' (2006)<ref>Murray, Alan V. (2006). ''[https://www.academia.edu/2207440/The_Crusades_an_encyclopedia The Crusades – An Encyclopedia]'', ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara.</ref> edited by historian Alan V. Murray<ref>{{Cite web|last=Resources for Studying the Crusades|title=Dr. Alan Murray|date=10 July 2024 |url=http://www.crusaderstudies.org.uk/resources/historians/profiles/murray/index.html}}</ref> provides a comprehensive treatment of the Crusades with over 1000 entries written by 120 authors from 25 countries. The list of other historians is extensive and excellent bibliographies include that by Asbridge{{sfn|Asbridge|2004|pp=380–396|loc=Bibliography}} and in ''The Routledge Companion to the Crusades''.<ref name="Lock-2006" />