Editing Enhanced 911 (section)

==VoIP enhanced 911==
VoIP enhanced 911 pertains to communications originating from various commercial services provided by companies that send telephone calls across the commercial internet using specialized devices and software applications.

As [[Voice over Internet Protocol]] (VoIP) technology matured, service providers began to interconnect VoIP with the [[public telephone network]] and marketed the VoIP service as a cheap replacement phone service. However, E911 regulations and legal penalties have severely hampered the more widespread adoption of VoIP: VoIP is much more flexible than land line phone service and there is no easy way to verify the physical location of a caller on a nomadic VoIP network at any given time (especially in the case of wireless networks), and so many providers offered services which specifically excluded 911 service so as to avoid the severe E-911 non-compliance penalties. VoIP services tried to improvise, such as routing 911 calls to the administrative phone number of the Public Safety Answering Point, adding on software to track phone locations, etc.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

The [[Location Information Server]] is a service that is provided by an [[access network]] provider to provide [[location information]] to users of the network. To do this, it uses knowledge of [[network topology]] and a range of location determination techniques to locate devices that are attached to the network. The precise methods that are used to determine location are dependent on the type of access network and the information that can be obtained from the device.

Initially, the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) took a hands-off approach to VoIP in order to let the service mature, and also to facilitate competition in the telephony market.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Common_Carrier/Reports/fcc98067.pdf
|title=In the Matter of Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service, Report to Congress, Docket 96-45
|date=April 10, 1998
|publisher=FCC
|page=42}}</ref> In time, this problem reached the headlines of newspapers as individuals were unable to place emergency calls with their [[VoIP phone]]s. In March 2005, Texas Attorney General [[Greg Abbott]] filed a lawsuit against Vonage for deceptive marketing practices by not making it clear that VoIP users had to actually sign up for E911 service.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.oag.state.tx.us/oagnews/release.php?id=850|title=Attorney General Abbott Takes Legal Action To Protect Internet Phone Customers|author=OAG|publisher=OAG.state.tx.us|date=2005-03-22|access-date=2010-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050323063227/http://www.oag.state.tx.us/oagnews/release.php?id=850|archive-date=March 23, 2005}}</ref>

When FCC Chair Kevin Martin replaced FCC Chair Michael Powell, he immediately changed FCC's hands-off policy and moved to impose 911 obligations on VoIP service providers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20060725/1216203.shtml |title=Why Does the FCC Treat VoIP as the Ugly Duckling, Techdirt July 25, 2006 |publisher=Techdirt.com |date=2006-07-25 |access-date=2010-11-18}}</ref> In 2005, Chair Martin moved FCC to require "interconnected VoIP services" to begin to provide 911 service and provide notice to their consumers concerning the 911 limitations. The FCC announced that customers must respond to the E911 VoIP warning and those who do not have their service cut off on August 30, 2005. The FCC extended the deadline to September 28, 2005.<ref name=gross/> The E911 hookup may be directly with the Wireline E911 Network, indirectly through a third party such as a competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC), or by any other technical means. The FCC explained that they felt compelled to issue this mandate because of the public safety concerns.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 19, 2005|title=IP-Enabled Services: E911 Requirements for IP-Enabled Service Providers|url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-05-116A1.pdf|access-date=2010-11-18|publisher=FCC|archive-date=2011-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021043932/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-05-116A1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vonage co-founder [[Jeff Pulver]] opined that this was an attempt by FCC Chair Martin to hinder telephony competition to [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pulverblog.pulver.com/archives/005082.html |first=Jeff |last=Pulver |title=A Little Rant on the Ongoing Mis-application of CALEA and E911 and Universal Service on Voice Applications and Some Ironic, Illogical Results |publisher=Jeff Pulver Blog |date=July 24, 2006 |access-date=2010-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309014504/http://pulverblog.pulver.com/archives/005082.html |archive-date=March 9, 2011 }}</ref>

The 911 obligations were imposed only on "interconnected VoIP." The FCC defined "interconnected VoIP" as VoIP over broadband that interconnects with the public switch telephone network.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cannon |first=Robert |url=http://www.cybertelecom.org/voip/definition.htm#int |title=VoIP Definition :: FCC :: Interconnected VoIP :: CFR |publisher=Cybertelecom.org |access-date=2010-11-18}}</ref> VoIP that is not interconnected, such as two individuals talking to each other over the Internet while playing computer games, does not fall under the obligation.

There are, however, complicated technological problems with implementing E911 with VoIP, which providers are attempting to solve. VoIP phones are on the Internet and nomadic; the [[geolocation]] of the individual placing the 911 call can be very difficult to determine. Service providers are attempting to phase in solutions through the I1, I2, and I3 phases. During I1, the 911 call was routed to the 911 administrative telephone lines without location information. During I2, VoIP services would participate in the public telephone networks location database for the location that is identified with that telephone number. During the I3 solution, VoIP service providers would have a true IP interconnection with Public Safety Answering Points and would be able to provide even more valuable information than the legacy 911 system. Where VoIP phones are mobile, geolocation has additional problems; VoIP service providers are seeking access to [[Home Location Register#Home location register (HLR)|mobile phone location databases]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Currier|first=Bob|date=2010-06-21|title=Intrado Evolution of the PSAP Experience - Slide 0|url=http://www.intrado.com/assets/documents/Annual_2004_NENA_Conf_VoIPforPSAP_final.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518100417/http://www.intrado.com/assets/documents/Annual_2004_NENA_Conf_VoIPforPSAP_final.pdf|archive-date=May 18, 2006|access-date=2010-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Meer|first1=Stephen|last2=Nelson|first2=Michael|date=May 2004|title=Intrado Next Generation Needs|url=http://www.intrado.com/assets/documents/PSAP%20Issues%20Whitepaper.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626233710/http://www.intrado.com/assets/documents/PSAP%20Issues%20Whitepaper.pdf|archive-date=June 26, 2007|access-date=2010-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Intrado Emergency Calling Services|url=http://www.intrado.com/assets/documents/VoIP%20with%20background.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518100408/http://www.intrado.com/assets/documents/VoIP%20with%20background.pdf|archive-date=May 18, 2006|access-date=2010-11-18}}</ref> These solutions are being developed through the cooperation of the Voice on the Network Coalition and the [[National Emergency Number Association]]. [[Vonage]] has encouraged its customers to register the locations from which their 911 calls could be dialed with the local public safety answering point.<ref>{{cite book| first1=Jonathan E. |last1=Nuechterlein|first2= Philip J. |last2=Weiser |title= Digital Crossroads: American Telecommunications Policy in the Internet Age | publisher=MIT Press |year=2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/digitalcrossroad00jona/page/222 222] |isbn=9780262140911 |url=https://archive.org/details/digitalcrossroad00jona| url-access=registration }}</ref> The FCC had continued to add more requirements and mandate a more sophisticated 911 function.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 2005|title=Answering the Call for 911 Emergency Services in an Internet World|url=http://www.nena9-1-1.org/VoIP_IP/VONCoalition9-1-1whitepaper0105.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050123043804/http://www.nena9-1-1.org/VoIP_IP/VONCoalition9-1-1whitepaper0105.pdf|archive-date=2005-01-23|publisher=Voice on the Net Coalition|page=4}}</ref>

VoIP services have noted an obstacle to full 911 interconnection; in order to interconnect with the Public Safety Answering Point, the VoIP service providers must interconnect with the 911 telephone trunk, which is owned and controlled by their competitors, the traditional fixed-line telephone carriers.<ref name=gross>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/resource/article/0,aid,122322,pg,1,RSS,RSS,00.asp |first=Grant |last=Gross |title=FCC extends VoIP E911 deadline |publisher=PCWorld.com |date=August 26, 2005 |access-date=2010-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222003957/http://www.pcworld.com/resource/article/0%2Caid%2C122322%2Cpg%2C1%2CRSS%2CRSS%2C00.asp |archive-date=February 22, 2006 }}</ref> This resulted in the New and Emerging Technologies 911 Improvement Act of 2008 which granted interconnection rights to interconnected VoIP services.<ref name=cybertelecom>{{cite web| url=http://www.cybertelecom.org/voip/911reg.htm |title=VoIP :: 911 :: Regulation |publisher=Cybertelecom.org}} Information on NET Act and FCC proceeding implementing legislation.</ref>

In response to the E911 challenges inherent to IP phone systems, specialized technology has been developed to locate callers in the case of emergency. Some of these new technologies allow the caller to be located down to the specific office on a particular floor of a building. These solutions support a wide range of organizations with IP telephony networks. The solutions are available for service providers offering hosted [[IP-PBX]] and residential VoIP services. This increasingly important segment in IP phone technology includes E911 call routing services and automated phone tracking appliances. Many of these solutions have been established according to FCC, CRTC, and NENA i2 standards, in order to help enterprises and service providers reduce liability concerns and meet E911 regulations.<ref name="Emergency Gateway Datasheet">{{cite web|url=http://www1.911enable.com/documents/pdf/emergency_gateway_datasheet.pdf |title=Emergency Gateway Datasheet |publisher=911 Enable |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914042248/http://www1.911enable.com/documents/pdf/emergency_gateway_datasheet.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-14 }}</ref>

In recent years there have been numerous important developments in E911 solutions for IP phone technology. The more noteworthy of these developments include:
*On-site appliances that automate and simplify E911 management for enterprise IP-PBX systems, reducing administration, ensuring that IP phone locations are always up to date, thus helping enterprises meet their E911 obligations;
*IP phone tracking that automatically assigns locations to IP hard phones, soft phones and wireless phones as they move on the corporate network using layer 2, layer 3, or wireless LAN discovery.
*Support for remote employees, allowing off-campus users and teleworkers to update their locations in real time directly from their IP phones;
*Support for phone mobility, to ensure accurate E911 services for employees that move IP phones between locations, share line appearances between multiple devices, and log into IP phones on the fly;
*Security desk routing and notification functionalities that deliver 911 calls and custom email alerts to on-site security personnel, notifying them of the emergency and providing them with the caller’s precise location information;
*Advanced E911 call management and reporting features, such as misdial protection and call recording, to improve solution performance and administration.

VoIP & 911 issues are also relevant to [[Telecom Relay Services]] utilized by individuals with disabilities.