Editing English orthography (section)

=== Combinations of other consonant and vowel letters ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" | Spelling || Major value<br />([[Help:IPA/English|IPA]]) || Examples of major value || Minor values<br />([[Help:IPA/English|IPA]]) || Examples of minor value || Exceptions
|-
|'''al'''
|Excluding before {{Vr|f, k, l, m, t}}<br/>{{small|(see below)}}
|{{IPAc-en|æ|l}}
|p'''al''', t'''al'''cum, '''al'''gae, '''al'''p
|{{IPAc-en|ɔː|l}}
|b'''al'''d, Nep'''al''', '''al'''ways, w'''al'''rus
|{{IPAc-en|ɔː}} f'''al'''con (also with {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l}}, {{IPAc-en|ɒ|l}} or {{IPAc-en|æ|l}})<br/>{{IPAc-en|ɒ|l}} f'''al'''se (RP; also {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l}})
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''alf'''
|before a vowel
|{{IPAc-en|æ|l|f}}
|'''alfalf'''a, m'''alf'''easance
|
|
|
|-
|elsewhere|| {{IPAc-en|ɑː|f}}&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small><br />{{IPAc-en|æ|f}}&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>|| c'''alf''', h'''alf'''|| || || {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l|f}} p'''alf'''rey
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''alk'''
|before a vowel
|{{IPAc-en|æ|l|k}}
|'''alk'''aline, grim'''alk'''in
|{{IPAc-en|ɔː|l|k}}
|b'''alk'''anise
|
|-
|elsewhere|| {{IPAc-en|ɔː|k}} || w'''alk''' || || ||
|-
| colspan="2" | '''all'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l}}<br />{{IPAc-en|æ|l}} || c'''all''', f'''all'''out, sm'''all'''er<br />sh'''all''', c'''all'''us, f'''all'''ow || {{IPAc-en|ɒ|l}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ə|l}} || w'''all'''et, sw'''all'''ow<br />'''all'''ow, di'''all'''ed || {{IPAc-en|ɛ|l}} marshm'''all'''ow&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>, p'''all'''-m'''all'''&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''alm'''
|before a vowel
|/æ|lm/
|p'''alm'''ate, s'''alm'''onella, t'''alm'''ud
|/ɔː|lm/
|'''alm'''anac, '''alm'''ost , inst'''alm'''ent
|{{IPAc-en|æ|m}} s'''alm'''on<br />{{IPAc-en|ɑː|l|m}} '''alm'''ond&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>{{efn-lr|According to the ''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary'', 75% of Americans pronounce ''almond'' as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|l|m|ə|n|d}}.{{sfn|Wells|2008}}}}<br />{{IPAc-en|əl|m}} sign'''alm'''ent<br />{{IPAc-en|ɑː|m}} '''alm'''ond&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small>, b'''alm'''y, p'''alm'''istry.
|-
|elsewhere|| {{IPAc-en|ɑː|(|l|)|m}} || '''alm'''s, c'''alm''' || <br /> || || {{IPAc-en|ɔː|m}} h'''alm'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''alt'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l|t|,_|ɒ|l|t}}{{efn-lr|{{IPAc-en|ɒ|l|t}} or {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l|t}} in RP; always {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l|t}} in in GA}} || '''alt'''er, m'''alt''', s'''alt'''y, bas'''alt''' || {{IPAc-en|æ|l|t}} || '''alt'''o, sh'''alt''', s'''alt'''ation, asph'''alt'''&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small>|| {{IPAc-en|ɑː|l|t}} gest'''alt'''&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small><br />{{IPAc-en|ə|l|t}} roy'''alt'''y, pen'''alt'''y
|-
| '''ange'''
|word final|| {{IPAc-en|eɪ|n|dʒ}} || arr'''ange''', ch'''ange''', m'''ange''', str'''ange''' || {{IPAc-en|æ|n|dʒ}} || fl'''ange''', phal'''ange''' || {{IPAc-en|ɑː|n|ʒ}} mel'''ange'''<br />{{IPAc-en|ɒ|n|dʒ}} blancm'''ange'''<br />{{IPAc-en|ɪ|n|dʒ}} or'''ange'''
|-
| '''aste'''
|word final|| {{IPAc-en|eɪ|s|t}} || ch'''aste''', lamb'''aste''', p'''aste''', t'''aste''' || {{IPAc-en|æ|s|t}} || cine'''aste''', c'''aste''' (GA), pleon'''aste''' || {{IPAc-en|ɑː|s|t}} (out)c'''aste'''&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small><br />{{IPAc-en|ə|s|t|eɪ}} nam'''aste'''
|-
| -'''ci'''
|unstressed before vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} || spe'''ci'''al, gra'''ci'''ous || {{IPAc-en|s|i}} (also {{IPAc-en|ʃ}}) || spe'''ci'''es ||
|-
| colspan="2" | -'''cqu'''|| {{IPAc-en|k|w}} || a'''cqu'''aint, a'''cqu'''ire || {{IPAc-en|k}} || la'''cqu'''er, ra'''cqu'''et ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''ed'''
|word final after {{IPAc-en|t}} or {{IPAc-en|d}}|| {{IPAc-en|ɪ|d|,_|ə|d}} || load'''ed''', wait'''ed''' || || ||
|-
|word final after a [[voiceless]] sound|| {{IPAc-en|t}} || pip'''ed''', enserf'''ed''', snak'''ed''' || {{IPAc-en|ɛ|d}} || bip'''ed''', underf'''ed''' || {{IPAc-en|ɪ|d|,_|ə|d}} nak'''ed'''
|-
|word final after a [[Fortis and lenis|lenis]] sound|| {{IPAc-en|d}} || limb'''ed''', enisl'''ed''', unfear'''ed''' || {{IPAc-en|ɛ|d}} || imb'''ed''', misl'''ed''', infrar'''ed''' || {{IPAc-en|ɪ|d|,_|ə|d}} belov'''ed'''
|-
| '''es'''
|word final after a [[fricative]] || {{IPAc-en|ɪ|z|,_|ə|z}} || maz'''es''', wash'''es''', ax'''es''', bas'''es''', piec'''es''' || {{IPAc-en|iː|z}}|| ax'''es''', bas'''es''', fec'''es''', oas'''es''' ||
|-
| '''ex'''-
|unstressed before {{Vr|h}} or a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ɪ|ɡ|z|,_|ə|ɡ|z}} || '''ex'''ist, '''ex'''amine, '''ex'''haust || {{IPAc-en|ɛ|k|s}} || '''ex'''hale ||
|-
| '''gu'''-
|before {{Vr|a}}|| {{IPAc-en|ɡ|w}} || bilin'''gu'''al, '''gu'''ano, lan'''gu'''age || {{IPAc-en|ɡ}} || '''gu'''ard, '''gu'''arantee ||
|-
| ('''a''')'''isle'''
|word final|| {{IPAc-en|aɪ|l}} || '''aisle''', '''isle''', en'''isle''', l'''isle''' || || ||
|-
| '''le'''
|word final after non {{Vr|r}} cons.|| {{IPAc-en|əl}} || litt'''le''', tab'''le''' || {{IPAc-en|l}} || or'''le''', is'''le''' || {{IPAc-en|l|eɪ}} bouc'''le'''
|-
| '''ngue'''
|word final|| {{IPAc-en|ŋ}} || to'''ngue''', hara'''ngue''', meri'''ngue''' || {{IPAc-en|ŋ|ɡ|eɪ}} || mere'''ngue''', {{not a typo|distin}}'''gué''' || {{IPAc-en|ŋ|ɡ|i}} de'''ngue'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''old'''|| {{IPAc-en|oʊ|l|d}} || blindf'''old''', '''old'''er, b'''old''' || {{IPAc-en|əl|d}} || scaff'''old''', kob'''old''' (also {{IPAc-en|ɒ|l|d}}) ||
|-
| colspan="2" | '''olk'''|| {{IPAc-en|oʊ|k}} || y'''olk''', f'''olk'''lore || {{IPAc-en|ɒ|l|k}} || p'''olk'''a&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small>, k'''olk'''hoz || {{IPAc-en|oʊ|l|k}} p'''olk'''a&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''oll'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɒ|l}} || d'''oll'''house, p'''oll'''en, tr'''oll'''ey, h'''oll'''y || {{IPAc-en|oʊ|l}} || t'''oll'''house, sw'''oll'''en, tr'''oll'''er, wh'''oll'''y || {{IPAc-en|ɔː}} at'''oll'''&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small><br />{{IPAc-en|ɔɪ}} ch'''oll'''a<br />{{IPAc-en|əl}} car'''oll'''er, c'''oll'''ide
|-
| colspan="2" | '''olm'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɒ|l|m}} || '''olm''', d'''olm'''en || {{IPAc-en|oʊ|l|m}} || enr'''olm'''ent, h'''olm'''ium || {{IPAc-en|oʊ|m}} h'''olm''' (oak)
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''ong'''|| morpheme-final || {{IPAc-en|ɒ|ŋ}}&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small><br />{{IPAc-en|ɔː|ŋ}}&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small> || s'''ong'''stress, al'''ong''', str'''ong''', wr'''ong'''er || {{IPAc-en|ɒ|ŋ}} || t'''ong'''er, b'''ong''', dug'''ong''', t'''ong'''s || {{IPAc-en|ʌ|ŋ}} am'''ong'''
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|ɒ|ŋ|g}} || c'''ong'''ress, j'''ong'''leur, b'''ong'''o, c'''ong'''er, '''ong'''oing, n'''ong'''raded
|| {{IPAc-en|ɒ|n|dʒ}} <br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ|ŋ|ɡ}} <br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ|n|dʒ}} <br /> || c'''ong'''eries, l'''ong'''evity, p'''ong'''ee<br />m'''ong'''er, hum'''ong'''ous, m'''ong'''rel<br />sp'''ong'''er, l'''ong'''e, sp'''ong'''y
|| {{IPAc-en|ʌ|ŋ}} t'''ong'''ue <br />{{IPAc-en|ə|n|ɡ}} c'''ong'''ratulate, lem'''ong'''rass<br />{{IPAc-en|ən|dʒ}} c'''ong'''eal, c'''ong'''estion<br />{{IPAc-en|ɒ|n|ʒ}} all'''ong'''e<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|n|ʒ}} c'''ong'''é&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>
|-
| colspan="2" |'''ought'''
|{{IPAc-en|ɔː|t}}
|b'''ought''', br'''ought''', f'''ought''', n'''ought''', '''ought''', s'''ought''', th'''ought''', wr'''ought'''
|{{IPAc-en|aʊ|t}}
|d'''ough'''ty, dr'''ough'''t
|
|-
| colspan="2" | '''qu'''- || {{IPAc-en|k|w}} || '''qu'''een, '''qu'''ick || {{IPAc-en|k}} || li'''qu'''or, mos'''qu'''ito ||
|-
| '''que'''
|word final|| {{IPAc-en|k}} || mos'''que''', bis'''que''' || {{IPAc-en|k|eɪ}} || man'''que''', ris'''qué''' || {{IPAc-en|k|j|uː}} barbe'''que'''<br />{{IPAc-en|k|i}} pul'''que'''
|-
| '''re'''
|word final after non {{Vr|r}} cons. || {{IPAc-en|ər}} || timb'''re''', ac'''re''', og'''re''', cent'''re''' || {{IPAc-en|r|eɪ}}, {{IPAc-en|r|i}}<br />{{IPAc-en|r|ə}} || cad'''re''' (GA), compad'''re''', emig'''re'''<br />gen'''re''', oeuv'''re''', fiac'''re''' ||
|-
| '''ron'''
|word final after vowel|| {{IPAc-en|r|ɒ|n}} || neu'''ron''', mo'''ron''', interfe'''ron''', aile'''ron''' || {{IPAc-en|r|ən}} || ba'''ron''', he'''ron''', envi'''ron''' || {{IPAc-en|ər|n}} i'''ron'''<br />{{IPAc-en|r|oʊ|n}} chape'''ron'''
|-
| '''sci'''-
|unstressed before a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} || con'''sci'''ence, lu'''sci'''ous, pro'''sci'''utto || {{IPAc-en|s|aɪ}} || '''sci'''atica, '''sci'''amachy, '''sci'''ential || {{IPAc-en|ʃ|i}} con'''sci'''entious, fa'''sci'''ated <br />{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ}}&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small> omni'''sci'''ent, pre'''sci'''ence
|- <!-- Probably better to delete this: "rule" only applies to muscle, arbuscle, corpuscle and crepuscle -->
| '''scle'''|| word final || {{IPAc-en|s|əl}} || corpu'''scle''', mu'''scle''' || {{IPAc-en|s|k|əl}} || ma'''scle''' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | -'''se'''
|word final after vowel (noun)|| {{IPAc-en|s}} || hou'''se''', excu'''se''', moo'''se''', ani'''se''', gee'''se''' || {{IPAc-en|z}}|| pro'''se''', no'''se''', tea'''se''', gui'''se''', compromi'''se''' || {{IPAc-en|z|eɪ}} marche'''se''' <!-- not after a vowel {{IPAc-en|s|i}} pos'''se''' -->
|-
|word final after vowel (verb)|| {{IPAc-en|z}} || hou'''se''', excu'''se''', choo'''se''', ari'''se''', plea'''se''' || {{IPAc-en|s}} || grou'''se''', do'''se''', lea'''se''', cha'''se''', promi'''se''' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | -'''si'''
|unstressed after a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ʒ}} || vi'''si'''on, occa'''si'''on, explo'''si'''on, illu'''si'''on || {{IPAc-en|z|i}} || ea'''si'''er, enthu'''si'''asm, phy'''si'''ological ||
|-
|unstressed after a cons.
|/ʃ/
|pen'''si'''on, controver'''si'''al, compul'''si'''on
|
|
|/si/ tar'''s'''ier, Cel'''s'''ius
|-
| -'''ssi'''
|unstressed before a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} || mi'''ssi'''on, pa'''ssi'''on, Ru'''ssi'''a, se'''ssi'''on || {{IPAc-en|s|i}} || pota'''ssi'''um, do'''ssi'''er, me'''ssi'''er ||
|-
| -'''sti'''
|unstressed before a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|s|tʃ}} || que'''sti'''on, Chri'''sti'''an, sugge'''sti'''on || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | -'''sure'''
|unstressed after a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ʒ|ər}} || lei'''sure''', trea'''sure''' || || ||
|-
|unstressed after a cons.
|{{IPAc-en|ʃ|ər}}
|ton'''sure''', cen'''sure'''
|
|
|
|-
| -'''the'''
|unstressed|| {{IPAc-en|ð}} || sca'''the''', spa'''the''' || || ||
|-
| -'''ti'''
|unstressed before a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} || cau'''ti'''ous, pa'''ti'''ent, iner'''ti'''a, ini'''ti'''al, ra'''ti'''on || {{IPAc-en|t|i}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʃ|i}} || pa'''ti'''os, consor'''ti'''a, fif'''ti'''eth, cour'''ti'''er<br />ra'''ti'''os, minu'''ti'''a, ini'''ti'''ate, nego'''ti'''ate || {{IPAc-en|t|aɪ}} ca'''ti'''on, ca'''ti'''onic<br />{{IPAc-en|ʒ}} equa'''ti'''on<br />{{IPAc-en|tj}} ren'''ti'''er (GA)
|-
| -'''ture'''
|unstressed|| {{IPAc-en|tʃ|ər}} || na'''ture''', pic'''ture''' || || ||
|-
| -'''zure'''
|unstressed|| {{IPAc-en|ʒ|ər}} || sei'''zure''', a'''zure''' || || ||
|}
{{notelist-lr}}