Editing English Civil War (section)

==Second English Civil War (1648–1649)==
{{Main|Second English Civil War}}
[[File:William Frederick Yeames - And when did you last see your father? - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|"And when did you last see your father?" by [[William Frederick Yeames]]. The oil-on-canvas picture, painted in 1878, depicts a scene in an imaginary Royalist household during the English Civil War. The Parliamentarians have taken over the house and question the son about his Royalist father. The man lounging on a chair in the centre of the scene is identifiable as a [[Roundhead]] officer by his military attire and his orange sash.]]

Charles I took advantage of the deflection of attention away from himself to negotiate on 28 December 1647 a secret treaty with the Scots, again promising church reform.<ref name="Seel-64">{{Harvnb|Seel|1999|p=64}}.</ref> Under the agreement, called the "[[Engagers|Engagement]]", the Scots undertook to invade England on Charles's behalf and restore him to the throne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Emberton |first=Wilfrid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkRnAAAAMAAJ |title=Sieges of the Great Civil War, 1642–1646 |last2=Young |first2=Peter |date=1978 |publisher=Bell and Hyman |isbn=9780713519839 |page=94}}</ref>

A series of Royalist uprisings throughout England and a Scottish invasion occurred in the summer of 1648. Forces loyal to Parliament<ref>{{Harvnb|Fairfax|1648|loc=Letter}}.</ref> put down most of those in England after little more than a skirmish, but uprisings in [[Kent]], [[Essex]] and [[Cumberland]], the rebellion in Wales, and the Scottish invasion involved pitched battles and prolonged sieges.<ref name=Seel-64/>

In the spring of 1649, unpaid Parliamentarian troops in Wales changed sides. Colonel [[Thomas Horton (soldier)|Thomas Horton]] defeated the Royalist rebels at the [[Battle of St Fagans]] (8 May)<ref>{{Harvnb|John|2008|p=127}}.</ref> and the rebel leaders surrendered to Cromwell on 11 July after a protracted two-month [[siege of Pembroke]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Trevelyan|2002|p=274}}.</ref> Thomas Fairfax defeated a Royalist uprising in Kent at the [[Battle of Maidstone]] on 1 June. Fairfax, after his success at [[Maidstone]] and the pacification of Kent, turned north to reduce Essex, where, under an ardent, experienced and popular leader, [[Charles Lucas]], the Royalists had taken up arms in great numbers. Fairfax soon drove the enemy into [[Colchester]], but his first attack on the town met with a repulse and he had to settle down to [[siege of Colchester|a long siege]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Trevelyan|2002|pp=274–275}}.</ref>

In the North of England, Major-General [[John Lambert (General)|John Lambert]] fought a successful campaign against several Royalist uprisings, the largest being that of [[Marmaduke Langdale, 1st Baron Langdale of Holme|Marmaduke Langdale]] in Cumberland.<ref>{{Harvnb|Newman|2006|p=87}}.</ref> Thanks to Lambert's successes, the Scottish commander, the [[James Hamilton, 3rd Marquess and 1st Duke of Hamilton|Duke of Hamilton]], had to take a western route through [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] in his pro-Royalist Scottish invasion of England.<ref name="Newman-89">{{Harvnb|Newman|2006|page=89}}.</ref> The Parliamentarians under Cromwell engaged the Scots at the [[Battle of Preston (1648)|Battle of Preston]] (17–19 August). The battle took place largely at [[Walton-le-Dale]] near [[Preston, Lancashire]], and resulted in a victory for Cromwell's troops over the Royalists and Scots commanded by Hamilton.<ref name=Newman-89/> This victory marked the end of the Second English Civil War.

Nearly all the Royalists who had fought in the First Civil War had given their word not to bear arms against Parliament, and many, like [[Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading|Lord Astley]], were therefore bound by oath not to take any part in the second conflict. So, the victors in the Second Civil War showed little mercy to those who had brought war into the land again. On the evening of the surrender of Colchester, Parliamentarians had [[Charles Lucas]] and [[George Lisle (Royalist)|George Lisle]] shot.<ref>{{Harvnb|Trevelyan|2002|p=275}}.</ref> Parliamentary authorities sentenced the leaders of the Welsh rebels, Major-General [[Rowland Laugharne]], Colonel [[John Poyer]] and Colonel Rice Powel<!--Some sources use Powell--> to death, but executed only Poyer (25 April 1649), having selected him by lot.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gardiner|2006|p=46}}.</ref> Of five prominent Royalist peers who had fallen into Parliamentary hands, three – the Duke of Hamilton, the [[Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland|Henry Rich, Earl of Holland]], and [[Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham|Arthur Capell]], one of the Colchester prisoners and a man of high character – were beheaded at Westminster on 9 March.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gardiner|2006|p=12}}.</ref>