Editing Endosymbiont (section)

===== Endophytic fungi =====
Endophytic fungi in [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic]] relations directly benefit and benefit from their host plants. They also can help their hosts succeed in polluted environments such as those contaminated with toxic metals.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Domka AM, Rozpaądek P, Turnau K |title=Are Fungal Endophytes Merely Mycorrhizal Copycats? The Role of Fungal Endophytes in the Adaptation of Plants to Metal Toxicity |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=10 |pages=371 |date=2019 |pmid=30930857 |pmc=6428775 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.00371 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Fungal [[endophyte]]s are taxonomically diverse and are divided into categories based on mode of transmission, [[biodiversity]], in planta colonization and host plant type.<ref name="Rodriguez-2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodriguez RJ, White JF, Arnold AE, Redman RS |title=Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles |journal=The New Phytologist |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=314–330 |date=Apr 2009 |pmid=19236579 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009NewPh.182..314R }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Purahong W, Hyde KD |date=2011-03-01 |title=Effects of fungal endophytes on grass and non-grass litter decomposition rates |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0083-8 |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1007/s13225-010-0083-8 |s2cid=43678079 |issn=1878-9129}}</ref> Clavicipitaceous fungi systematically colonize temperate season grasses. Non-clavicipitaceous fungi colonize higher plants and even roots and divide into subcategories.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005-05-24 |title=Evolutionary Development of the Clavicipitaceae |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781420027891-33/evolutionary-development-clavicipitaceae |journal=The Fungal Community |language=en |pages=525–538 |doi=10.1201/9781420027891-33|isbn=9780429116407 }}</ref> ''[[Aureobasidium]] ''and ''[[Preussia (fungus)|preussia]]'' species of endophytic fungi isolated from ''[[Boswellia sacra]]'' produce [[Indole-3-acetic acid|indole acetic acid]] [[hormone]] to promote plant health and development.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan AL, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Al-Farsi Z, Al-Mamari A, Waqas M, Asaf S, Elyassi A, Mabood F, Shin JH, Lee IJ |display-authors=6 |title=Endophytic Fungi from Frankincense Tree Improves Host Growth and Produces Extracellular Enzymes and Indole Acetic Acid |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=e0158207 |date=2016-06-30 |pmid=27359330 |pmc=4928835 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0158207 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1158207K |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Aphid]]s can be found in most plants. Carnivorous [[Coccinellidae|ladybirds]] are aphid predators and are used in [[pest control]]. Plant endophytic fungus ''[[Neotyphodium lolii]]'' produces [[alkaloid]] [[mycotoxin]]s in response to [[aphid]] invasions. In response, ladybird predators exhibited reduced [[fertility]] and abnormal reproduction, suggesting that the mycotoxins are transmitted along the [[food chain]] and affect the [[Predation|predators]].<ref name="Fungal plant endosymbionts alter li"/>