Editing Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (section)

===Cardiovascular===
Although cardiovascular involvement depends significantly on the diagnosed subtype of EDS, a number of co-morbidities and symptoms are closely linked to the disorder as a whole. Some studies suggest that structural abnormalities are not the root cause of the vast majority of cardiac symptoms,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hertel A, Black WR, Malloy Walton L, Martin J, Jones J | title = Cardiovascular Symptoms, Dysautonomia, and Quality of Life in Adult and Pediatric Patients with Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: A Brief Review | journal = Current Cardiology Reviews | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 75–81 | date = January 2024 | pmid = 38275067 | pmc = 11071672 | doi = 10.2174/011573403X271096231203164216 }}</ref> but rather, [[dysautonomia]] is the primary culprit. Associated symptoms can include but are not limited to palpitations, near-syncope and syncope, heat intolerance, and difficulty managing blood pressure and heart rate.<ref name="De_Wandele_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = De Wandele I, Rombaut L, Leybaert L, Van de Borne P, De Backer T, Malfait F, De Paepe A, Calders P | title = Dysautonomia and its underlying mechanisms in the hypermobility type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome | journal = Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–100 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24507822 | doi = 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.12.006 }}</ref> One study published in 2013 showed that patients with EDS were more likely to also be diagnosed with [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]], more commonly known as POTS.<ref name="De_Wandele_2014" />

Weak connective tissues in the heart can cause problems with valve structure and function as well. [[Mitral valve prolapse]] and regurgitation and aortic root dilation are found more commonly in EDS patients and others with similar connective tissue disorders.<ref name="Cardiovascular manifestations of hy">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rashed ER, Ruiz Maya T, Black J, Fettig V, Kadian-Dodov D, Olin JW, Mehta L, Gelb BD, Kontorovich AR | title = Cardiovascular manifestations of hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorders | journal = Vascular Medicine | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 283–289 | date = June 2022 | pmid = 35000503 | pmc = 9677229 | doi = 10.1177/1358863X211067566 }}</ref> In some cases, EDS manifests within the vasculature as well. Major artery aneurisms and dissections are sometimes seen as a result of faulty structural integrity.<ref name="Cardiovascular manifestations of hy"/>

* [[Thoracic outlet syndrome]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ericson WB, Wolman R | title = Orthopaedic management of the Ehlers–Danlos syndromes | journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics | volume = 175 | issue = 1 | pages = 188–194 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28192621 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.c.31551 | s2cid = 4377720 | eissn = 1552-4876 | doi-access = free}} {{free access}}</ref>
* Arterial rupture<ref name="Byers2012" />
* [[Valvular heart disease]], such as [[mitral valve prolapse]], creates an increased risk for infective [[endocarditis]] during surgery. This may progress to a [[Mitral valve prolapse#Prognosis|life-threatening degree]].<ref name="Levy_2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Levy HP | journal = GeneReviews | year = 1993 | pmid = 20301456 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1279/ | title = Hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome | publisher = University of Washington, Seattle | veditors = Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJ, Stephens K, Amemiya A}}</ref> Heart conduction abnormalities have been found in those with hypermobility form of EDS.<ref name="Camerota14">{{cite journal | vauthors = Camerota F, Castori M, Celletti C, Colotto M, Amato S, Colella A, Curione M, Danese C | title = Heart rate, conduction and ultrasound abnormalities in adults with joint hypermobility syndrome/Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, hypermobility type | journal = Clinical Rheumatology | volume = 33 | issue = 7 | pages = 981–987 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24752348 | doi = 10.1007/s10067-014-2618-y | s2cid = 32745869 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261771333}}</ref>
* Dilation or rupture ([[Aortic aneurysm|aneurysm]]) of [[ascending aorta]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Wenstrup RJ, Hoechstetter LB | chapter = The Ehlers–Danlos Syndromes | pages = 131–149 | veditors = Allanson JE, Cassidy SB |title=Management of genetic syndromes |date=2001 |publisher=Wiley-Liss |location=New York |isbn=978-0-471-31286-4}}</ref>
* Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction such as [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grigoriou E, Boris JR, Dormans JP | title = Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): association with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and orthopaedic considerations | journal = Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research | volume = 473 | issue = 2 | pages = 722–728 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25156902 | pmc = 4294907 | doi = 10.1007/s11999-014-3898-x | eissn = 1528-1132 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hakim A, O'Callaghan C, De Wandele I, Stiles L, Pocinki A, Rowe P | title = Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-Hypermobile type | journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics | volume = 175 | issue = 1 | pages = 168–174 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28160388 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.c.31543 | s2cid = 4439857 | doi-access = free }} {{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ormiston CK, Padilla E, Van DT, Boone C, You S, Roberts AC, Hsiao A, Taub PR | title = May-Thurner syndrome in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a case series | journal = European Heart Journal. Case Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = ytac161 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35620060 | pmc = 9131024 | doi = 10.1093/ehjcr/ytac161 }}</ref>
* [[Raynaud's phenomenon]]
* [[Varicose veins]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Raffetto JD, Khalil RA | title = Mechanisms of varicose vein formation: valve dysfunction and wall dilation | journal = Phlebology | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 85–98 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18453484 | doi = 10.1258/phleb.2007.007027 | s2cid = 33320026 | url = https://www.vsiveins.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/BasicScience-Mechanisms-of-VV-Formation-Raffetto-J-Phlebology-2008.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Heart murmur]]
* [[Heart conduction abnormalities]]