Editing Edward I of England (section)

===Return to Scotland===
{{See also|First Scottish War of Independence}}
[[File:Edward 1.png|thumb|left|alt=Front-view of a seated Edward, wearing a crown and holding a sceptre, pointing to something with his left hand|[[Portrait miniature|Miniature]] depiction of Edward I dating from the reign of his son {{nowrap|Edward II}}]]
Edward believed that he had completed the conquest of Scotland when he left the country in 1296, but resistance soon emerged under the leadership of [[Andrew de Moray]] in the north and [[William Wallace]] in the south. On 11&nbsp;September 1297, a large English force under the leadership of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and [[Hugh de Cressingham]] was routed by a much smaller Scottish army led by Wallace and Moray at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barrow|1965|pp=123–126}}.</ref> The defeat sent shockwaves into England, and preparations for a retaliatory campaign started immediately. Soon after Edward returned from Flanders, he headed north.<ref>{{Harvnb|Powicke|1962|pp=688–689}}.</ref> On 22&nbsp;July 1298, in the only major battle he had fought since Evesham in 1265, Edward defeated Wallace's forces at the [[Battle of Falkirk]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|p=479}}.</ref> Edward was not able to take advantage of the momentum<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|p=565}}.</ref> and the next year the Scots recaptured [[Stirling Castle]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Watson|1998|pp=92–93}}.</ref> Even though Edward campaigned in Scotland in 1300, when he successfully besieged [[Caerlaverock Castle]] and in 1301, the Scots refused to engage in open battle again, preferring instead to raid the English countryside in smaller groups.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|2005|p=233}}.</ref>

The Scots appealed to [[Pope Boniface VIII]] to assert a papal claim of overlordship to Scotland in place of the English. His papal bull addressed to King Edward in these terms was firmly rejected on Edward's behalf by the [[Barons' Letter of 1301]]. The English managed to subdue the country by other means: in 1303, a peace agreement was reached between England and France, effectively breaking up the Franco-Scottish alliance.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|2005|p=497}}.</ref> [[Robert the Bruce]], the grandson of the claimant to the crown in 1291, had sided with the English in the winter of 1301–02.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|2005|p=496}}.</ref> In 1304, most of the other nobles of the country had also pledged their allegiance to Edward, and the English also managed to re-take Stirling Castle.<ref>{{Harvnb|Powicke|1962|pp=709–711}}.</ref> A great propaganda victory was achieved in 1305 when Wallace was betrayed by Sir [[John de Menteith]] and turned over to the English, who had him taken to London and publicly executed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Watson|1998|p=211}}.</ref> With Scotland largely under English control, Edward installed Englishmen and collaborating Scots to govern the country.<ref>{{Harvnb|Powicke|1962|pp=711–713}}.</ref>

The situation changed again on 10&nbsp;February 1306, when Robert the Bruce murdered his rival [[John Comyn]],<ref name="Hamilton81">{{Harvnb|Hamilton|2010|p=81}}.</ref> and a few weeks later, on 25&nbsp;March, was crowned King of Scotland.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barrow|1965|pp=206–207, 212–213}}.</ref> Bruce now embarked on a campaign to restore Scottish independence, and this took the English by surprise.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|2005|p=506}}.</ref> Edward was suffering ill health by this time, and instead of leading an expedition himself, he gave different military commands to [[Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], and [[Henry Percy, 1st Baron Percy]], while the main royal army was led by the Prince of Wales.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=506–507}}.</ref> The English initially met with success; on 19&nbsp;June, Aymer de Valence routed Bruce at the [[Battle of Methven]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Barrow|1965|p=216}}.</ref> Bruce was forced into hiding, and the English forces recaptured their lost territory and castles.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=507–508}}.</ref>

Edward acted with unusual brutality against Bruce's family, allies, and supporters. His sister, [[Mary Bruce|Mary]], was imprisoned in a cage at [[Roxburgh Castle]] for four years. [[Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan]], who had crowned Bruce, was held in a cage at [[Berwick Castle]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Salzman|1968|p=173}}.</ref> His younger brother [[Nigel de Brus|Neil]] was executed by being [[hanged, drawn, and quartered]]; he had been captured after he and his garrison held off Edward's forces who had been seeking his [[Elizabeth de Burgh|wife]], [[Marjorie Bruce|daughter]] and sisters.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cornell|2009|pp=63–65}}.</ref> Edward now regarded the struggle not as a war between two nations, but as the suppression of a rebellion of disloyal subjects.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=508–509}}.</ref> This brutality, rather than helping to subdue the Scots, had the opposite effect, and rallied growing support for Bruce.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|2005|p=239}}.</ref>