Editing Economy of Russia (section)

==Regional economies and economic regions==

=== Federal subjects ===
{{main|List of Russian federal districts by GDP|List of federal subjects of Russia by GDP per capita}}
According to the [[Moscow Government]], the Moscow economy is the largest among the Russian Federation constituent entities: the capital accounts for one fifth of the country's total [[gross regional product]]. Moscow is one of the largest urban economies in the world in terms of GDP ([[purchasing power parity]], PPP) and one of the top 5 global megalopolises according to this value. The Moscow GDP (PPP) in 2021 amounted to USD 25.500 billion, which is more than that of Seoul, Shanghai or Paris.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.investmoscow.ru/about-moscow/moscow-in-numbers | title=Moscow by the numbers }}</ref> The Government refers to Oxford Economics stating that Moscow ranked third among the world's cities in terms of GDP at purchasing power parity.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mos.ru/news/item/100937073/ | title=Москва заняла третье место среди городов мира по объему ВВП по паритету покупательной способности | work=Сайт Москвы | date=6 January 2022 }}</ref>

According to statements by the [[Mayor of Moscow]] in 2024, Moscow contributes more than 20 per cent of the country's GDP. This contribution is related to innovation, IT sector and services. [[Labour productivity]] in Moscow is on average 2.5 times higher than in Russia due to the high concentration of residents.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/7232801 | title=Собянин заявил, что экономика Москвы обеспечивает более 20% ВВП России | date=16 October 2024 }}</ref>

Moscow is home to 90 [[billionaires]] in 2025 – 16 more than a year ago. Moscow comes in second place behind New York City according to [[Forbes]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gennacontino/2025/04/02/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2025/ | title=The Cities with the Most Billionaires 2025 | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref> Moscow is home to 30,000 [[high-net-worth individuals]] (HNWI), whose wealth is estimated at $1 million, according to Henley & Partners.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.henleyglobal.com/newsroom/press-releases/wealthiest-cities-report-2025 | title=The World's Wealthiest Cities in 2025 }}</ref>

=== Groupings ===
{{main|Economic regions of Russia|List of economic zones and macrozones of Russia|List of economic zones and macrozones of Russia}}
Russia is divided into [[Economic regions of Russia|twelve economic regions]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110820130626/http://www.economy.gov.ru/wps/wcm/connect/59fbe48040d8fac69441fc4d51240c37/OKER_5.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=59fbe48040d8fac69441fc4d51240c37&CACHE=NONE</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_115583/0ea00b4142e612de60c5290a5a547b654573e76d/ | title=2. ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ РАЙОНЫ \ КонсультантПлюс }}</ref>

In 2018, the [[Russian Ministry of Economic Development]] developed a strategy for the spatial development of Russia, in which it was proposed to introduce the division into 14 macro-regions.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economy.gov.ru/minec/activity/sections/planning/sd/201817081 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827110418/http://economy.gov.ru/minec/activity/sections/planning/sd/201817081 | archive-date=27 August 2018 | title=Проект Стратегии пространственного развития России до 2025 года }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3724754 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619063606/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3724754 | archive-date=19 June 2022 | title=Россию делят на четырнадцать | date=27 August 2018 }}</ref> In February 2019, the strategy was approved and the division into 12 macro-regions was implemented.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174453/http://static.government.ru/media/files/UVAlqUtT08o60RktoOXl22JjAe7irNxc.pdf</ref>

There are also macrozones such as the [[Baikal Amur Mainline]] economic zone.

=== Centre-periphery model ===
{{main|core-periphery model|Core–periphery model in Russia}}
According to a 2011 research article, the nature of the relationship between the centre and the regions in Russia today corresponds to the so-called "[[centre-periphery]]" model; excessive centralisation, the absence of alternative (to Moscow) centres in the country's territorial structure and weak horizontal links are stable characteristics of the Russian political and economic space and are constantly reproduced over time.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/model-tsentr-periferiya-federalizm-i-problema-modernizatsii-rossiyskogo-gosudarstva | title=Модель «Центр - периферия», федерализм и проблема модернизации российского государства | journal=Политическая Наука | date=2011 | issue=4 | pages=53–70 }}</ref>

More than a decade ago, Professor [[Natalia Zubarevich]] proposed an extension of the centre-periphery model and is known as the author of the "theory of four Russias".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/social/64e30dd89a7947b8f0158fe1 | title=Наталья Зубаревич — о том, какое будущее ждет «четыре России» }}</ref> According to Zubarevich, the different speed of [[social modernisation]] is more accurately explained by the centre-periphery model. The entire population of the country can be divided into three roughly equal parts - about a third of citizens in each. The [[underdeveloped]] republics, where 6% of the country's population lives - this "fourth" Russia has its own specific features.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/2013/09/24/chetyre-rossii-chto-dalshe | title=Перспектива: Четыре России: что дальше | date=24 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/opinion/articles/2011/12/30/chetyre_rossii | title=Наталья Зубаревич: Четыре России | date=30 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/authors/natalya-zubarevich | title=Наталья Зубаревич }}</ref> According to the concept, "First Russia" is the [[List of cities with over one million inhabitants|cities with millions of inhabitants]], i.e. the most modernised and economically developed territories. "Second Russia" are medium-sized cities with a pronounced industrial profile. "Third Russia" - small towns, workers' settlements, rural areas. Compared to "first" and "second Russia" - this is a deep periphery in terms of the quality of socio-economic life. The "fourth Russia" is made up of the national republics of the Caucasus, as well as the south of Siberia (Tuva, the Altai Republic). These territories also represent a periphery, but a specific one: the [[demographic transition]] has not been completed here, [[urbanisation]] is in its infancy, and [[patriarchal]]-[[clan]] principles are still strong in society.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/social/64e30dd89a7947b8f0158fe1 | title=Наталья Зубаревич — о том, какое будущее ждет «четыре России» }}</ref>

Monoprofile towns ([[monotown]]s) are the most unstable part of the "second Russia".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/opinion/articles/2011/12/30/chetyre_rossii | title=Наталья Зубаревич: Четыре России | date=30 December 2011 }}</ref>