Editing Dingo (section)

=== Other forms ===
Growling, making up about 65% of the vocalisations, is used in an [[wikt:agonistic|agonistic]] context for [[dominance (ethology)|dominance]], and as a defensive sound. Similar to many domestic dogs, a reactive usage of defensive growling is only rarely observed. Growling very often occurs in combination with other sounds, and has been observed almost exclusively in swooshing noises (similar to barking).<ref name="DoritAusdruck"/>

During observations in [[Germany]], dingoes were heard to produce a sound that observers have called ''Schrappen''. It was only observed in an agonistic context, mostly as a defence against obtrusive pups or for defending resources. It was described as a bite intention, during which the receiver is never touched or hurt. Only a clashing of the teeth could be heard.<ref name="DoritAusdruck"/>

Aside from vocal communication, dingoes communicate, like all domestic dogs, via [[Raised-leg urination|scent marking]] specific objects (for example, ''[[Triodia (grass)|Spinifex]]'') or places (such as waters, trails, and hunting grounds) using [[Urine spraying#Canidae|chemical signals from their urine]], feces, and [[scent gland]]s. Males scent mark more frequently than females, especially during the [[Mating season#Breeding season|mating season]]. They also [[scent rub]], whereby a dog rolls its neck, shoulders, or back on something that is usually associated with food or the scent markings of other dogs.<ref name="canid"/>

Unlike wolves, dingoes can react to social cues and gestures from humans.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Young| first=Emma| title=Dingoes skilled at Reading Human Gestures| journal=[[Australian Geographic]]| date=5 March 2010| url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/dingoes-skilled-at-reading-human-gestures.htm| access-date=13 January 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126142449/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/dingoes-skilled-at-reading-human-gestures.htm| archive-date=26 January 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref>