Editing Cyclotron (section)

===Cyclotron types===
There are a number of basic types of cyclotron:<ref name="Chao">{{cite book
 | last1  = Chao
 | first1 = Alex 
 | title  = Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering
 | publisher = World Scientific 
 | date   = 1999
 | pages  = 13–15
 | url    = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3J4SjftF1YC&q=cyclotron&pg=PA13
 | doi    = 
 | id     = 
 | isbn   = 9789810235000
 }}</ref>

{{glossary}}
{{term|Classical cyclotron}}
{{defn|The earliest and simplest cyclotron. Classical cyclotrons have uniform magnetic fields and a constant accelerating frequency. They are limited to [[nonrelativistic]] particle velocities (the output energy small compared to the particle's [[rest energy]]), and have no active focusing to keep the beam aligned in the plane of acceleration.<ref name="seidel">{{cite report |last=Seidel|first=Mike |date= 2013|title=Cyclotrons for high-intensity beams |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1513944/files/CERN-2013-001-p17.pdf |publisher= [[CERN]] |access-date= June 12, 2022}}</ref>}}
{{term |Synchrocyclotron}}
{{defn |The synchrocyclotron extended the energy of the cyclotron into the relativistic regime by decreasing the frequency of the accelerating field as the orbit of the particles increased to keep it synchronized with the particle revolution frequency.  Because this requires pulsed operation, the integrated total beam current was low compared to the classical cyclotron. In terms of beam energy, these were the most powerful accelerators during the 1950s, before the development of the [[synchrotron]].{{r|craddock}}{{r|Bryant}}}}
{{term |Isochronous cyclotron (isocyclotron)}}
{{defn |These cyclotrons extend output energy into the relativistic regime by altering the magnetic field to compensate for the change in cyclotron frequency as the particles reached relativistic speed. They use specially shaped magnet pole pieces that are wider near the outer diameter of the cyclotron to create a nonuniform magnetic field stronger in peripheral regions.  Most modern cyclotrons are of this type. The pole pieces can also be shaped to cause the beam to keep the particles focused in the acceleration plane as they orbit.  This is known as "sector focusing" or "azimuthally-varying field focusing", and uses the principle of [[alternating-gradient focusing]].{{r|craddock}}}}
{{term | Separated sector cyclotron}}
{{defn| Separated sector cyclotrons are machines in which the magnet is in separate sections, separated by gaps without field{{r|craddock}}.}}
{{term | Superconducting cyclotron}}
{{defn | "Superconducting" in the cyclotron context refers to the type of magnet used to bend the particle orbits into a spiral.  Superconducting magnets can produce substantially higher fields in the same area than normal conducting magnets, allowing for more compact, powerful machines. The first superconducting cyclotron was the K500 at the [[Michigan State University]], which came online in 1981.<ref name="austin">{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Sam M. |title=Up from nothing : the Michigan State University Cyclotron Laboratory |date=2015 |publisher=Michigan State University |location=[East Lansing, Michigan] |isbn=978-0-99672-521-7}}</ref>}}
{{glossary end}}