Editing Cranberry (section)

== Research ==
=== Phytochemicals===
Raw cranberries, cranberry juice and cranberry extracts are a source of [[polyphenol]]s – including [[proanthocyanidin]]s, [[flavonol]]s<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.06.001 |title=Flavonoid composition over fruit development and maturation in American cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait |year=2004 |last1=Vvedenskaya |first1=Irina O |last2=Vorsa |first2=Nicholi |journal=Plant Science |volume=167 |issue=5 |pages=1043|bibcode=2004PlnSc.167.1043V }}</ref> and [[quercetin]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Duthie SJ, Jenkinson AM, Crozier A |title=The effects of cranberry juice consumption on antioxidant status and biomarkers relating to heart disease and cancer in healthy human volunteers |journal=Eur J Nutr |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=113–22 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16032375 |doi=10.1007/s00394-005-0572-9 |s2cid=46727119 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zheng W, Wang SY |title=Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=502–9 |date=January 2003 |pmid=12517117 |doi=10.1021/jf020728u |bibcode=2003JAFC...51..502Z }}</ref> These [[phytochemical]] compounds are being studied [[in vivo]] and [[in vitro]] for possible effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system and cancer.<ref name="blumberg">{{cite journal |pmid=24228191 |pmc=3823508 |year=2013 |last1=Blumberg |first1=JB |title=Cranberries and their bioactive constituents in human health |journal=Advances in Nutrition |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=618–32 |last2=Camesano |first2=TA |last3=Cassidy |first3=A |last4=Kris-Etherton |first4=P |last5=Howell |first5=A |last6=Manach |first6=C |last7=Ostertag |first7=LM |last8=Sies |first8=H |last9=Skulas-Ray |first9=A |last10=Vita |first10=JA |doi=10.3945/an.113.004473}}</ref><ref name="mskcc">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/cranberry |title=Cranberry |publisher=Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center |location=New York |date=2016}}</ref> However, there is no confirmation from human studies that consuming cranberry polyphenols provides anti-cancer, immune, or cardiovascular benefits.<ref name=mskcc/> Potential is limited by poor [[bioavailability|absorption]] and rapid excretion.<ref name=blumberg/>

Cranberry juice contains a high [[molecular mass|molecular weight]] non-[[Dialysis (chemistry)|dializable]] material that is under research for its potential to affect formation of [[Dental plaque|plaque]] by ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]'' pathogens that cause tooth decay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/content/article/115/111780 |title=Blocking tooth decay |author=Miranda Hill |publisher=Webmd.com |date=23 November 2005 |access-date=13 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Koo, H. |author2=Nino de Guzman, P. |author3=Schobel, B.D. |author4=Vacca Smith, A.V. |author5= Bowen W.H. |name-list-style=amp |title=Influence of Cranberry Juice on Glucan-Mediated Processes Involved in Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Development. |journal=Caries Research |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=20–27 |date=January 2006 |doi=10.1159/000088901|pmid=16352876 |s2cid=22205175 }}</ref> Cranberry juice components are also being studied for possible effects on [[kidney stone]] formation.<ref name=mskcc/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McHarg T, Rodgers A, Charlton K |title=Influence of cranberry juice on the urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate kidney stone formation |journal=BJU Int. |volume=92 |issue=7 |pages=765–8 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14616463 |doi=10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04472.x|s2cid=39898498 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kessler T, Jansen B, Hesse A |title=Effect of blackcurrant-, cranberry- and plum juice consumption on risk factors associated with kidney stone formation |journal=Eur J Clin Nutr |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=1020–3 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12373623 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601442 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Extract quality ===
Problems may arise with the lack of validation for quantifying of [[A-type proanthocyanidin]]s (PAC) extracted from cranberries. For instance, PAC extract quality and content can be performed using different methods including the [[European Pharmacopoeia]] method, [[liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry]],<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.062|title=Characterisation of genuine and derived cranberry proanthocyanidins by LC–ESI-MS|year=2011|last1=Tarascou|first1=Isabelle|last2=Mazauric|first2=Jean-Paul|last3=Meudec|first3=Emmanuelle|last4=Souquet|first4=Jean-Marc|last5=Cunningham|first5=David|last6=Nojeim|first6=Steve|last7=Cheynier|first7=Véronique|last8=Fulcrand|first8=Hélène|display-authors=3|journal=Food Chemistry|volume=128|issue=3|pages=802}}</ref> or a modified [[4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde]] [[colorimetric]] method.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=20549799|doi=10.1002/jsfa.3966|title=Multi-laboratory validation of a standard method for quantifying proanthocyanidins in cranberry powders|year=2010|last1=Prior|first1=Ronald L|last2=Fan|first2=Ellen|last3=Ji|first3=Hongping|last4=Howell|first4=Amy|last5=Nio|first5=Christian|last6=Payne|first6=Mark J|last7=Reed|first7=Jess|display-authors=3 |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture|volume=90|issue=9|pages=1473–8|bibcode=2010JSFA...90.1473P |doi-access=free}}</ref> Variations in extract analysis can lead to difficulties in assessing the quality of PAC extracts from different cranberry starting material, such as by regional origin, ripeness at time of harvest and post-harvest processing. Assessments show that quality varies greatly from one commercial PAC extract product to another.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf204912u|title=Comprehensive Assessment of the Quality of Commercial Cranberry Products. Phenolic Characterization and in Vitro Bioactivity|year=2012|last1=Sánchez-Patán|first1=Fernando|last2=Bartolomé|first2=Begoña|last3=Martín-Alvarez|first3=Pedro J.|last4=Anderson|first4=Mark|last5=Howell|first5=Amy|last6=Monagas|first6=María|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=60|issue=13|pages=3396–408|pmid=22439747|bibcode=2012JAFC...60.3396S |hdl=10261/101264}}</ref>