Editing Cowboy (section)

===Hawai'i===
[[File:Loading Cattle at Kailua, Geography of the Hawaiian Islands (1908).jpg|thumb|Loading cattle at [[Kailua, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Kailua-Kona]], at the start of the 20th century]]
[[File:Hawaiian Paniolo (PP-97-1-008).jpg|thumb|Photograph of Hawaiian Paniolo]]
The [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiian]] cowboy, the ''paniolo'', is also a direct descendant of the ''vaquero'' of California and Mexico. Experts in Hawaiian etymology believe "Paniolo" is a Hawaiianized pronunciation of ''español''. (The [[Hawaiian language]] has no /s/ sound, and all [[syllable]]s and words must end in a vowel.) Paniolo, like cowboys on the mainland of North America, learned their skills from Mexican ''vaqueros''.<ref>Slatta, R. W. (1996). ''The Cowboy Encyclopedia''. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 275. {{ISBN|0-393-31473-1}}.</ref> Other theories of word origin suggest ''Paniolo'' was derived from ''pañuelo'' (Spanish for handkerchief) or possibly from a Hawai'ian language word meaning "hold firmly and sway gracefully".<ref name="Ediger"/>

Captain [[George Vancouver]] brought cattle and sheep in 1793 as a gift to [[Kamehameha I]], monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom. For ten years, Kamehameha forbade killing of cattle, and imposed the death penalty on anyone who violated his edict.  As a result, numbers  multiplied astonishingly, and were wreaking havoc throughout the countryside. By the reign of [[Kamehameha III]] the number of wild cattle were becoming a problem, so in 1832 he sent an emissary to California, then still a part of Mexico. He was impressed with the skill of the vaqueros, and invited three to Hawai'i  to teach the Hawaiian people how to work cattle.<ref name="Ediger">{{cite journal|last1=Edinger-Marshall|first1=Susan|title=Hawai'i: The California Connection|journal=Rangelands|date=October 2000|volume=22|issue=5|pages=15–16|doi=10.2458/azu_rangelands_v22i5_edinger-marshall|url=https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/rangelands/article/download/11481/10754|access-date=21 March 2017|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The first horses arrived in Hawai'i in 1803. By 1837 John Parker, a sailor from New England who settled in the islands, received permission from Kamehameha III to lease royal land near Mauna Kea, where he built a ranch.<ref name="Ediger"/>

The Hawaiian style of ranching originally included capturing [[Hawaiian wild cattle|wild cattle]] by driving them into pits dug in the forest floor. Once tamed somewhat by hunger and thirst, they were hauled out up a steep ramp, and tied by their horns to the horns of a tame, older steer (or [[ox]]) that knew where the [[Pen (enclosure)|paddock]] with food and water was located. The industry grew slowly under the reign of Kamehameha's son Liholiho ([[Kamehameha II]]).

Even today, traditional paniolo dress, as well as certain styles of Hawaiian formal attire, reflect the Spanish heritage of the vaquero.<ref name="GenegabusPanioloWays">{{cite web |url= http://starbulletin.com/2003/03/17/features/story1.html |title= Paniolo Ways: Riding the range is a lifestyle that reaches back 170 years in Hawaii |author= Jason Genegabus. Photos by Ken Ige |work= [[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |date= 17 March 2003 |access-date= 15 October 2007 |archive-date= 24 June 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080624233722/http://starbulletin.com/2003/03/17/features/story1.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> The traditional Hawaiian saddle, the ''noho lio'',<ref name="KaheleCecilHanaHou">{{cite web |url= http://www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=467&MagazineID=28 |title= Way of the Noho Lio |author= Rose Kahele. Photos by Ann Cecil |work= [[Hana Hou!]] Vol. 9, No. 3 |date= June–July 2006 }}</ref> and many other tools of the cowboy's trade have a distinctly Mexican/Spanish look and many Hawaiian ranching families still carry the names of the vaqueros who married Hawaiian women and made Hawai'i their home.