Editing Cornwall (section)

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Cornwall}}

===Language===
{{further|Languages of England}}
{{see also|Languages of the United Kingdom#Cornwall}}

====Cornish language====
{{main|Cornish language}}

[[File:Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg|right|thumb|A [[welcome sign]] to [[Penzance]], in the English and [[Cornish language|Cornish]] languages]] 
Cornish, a member of the [[Brythonic languages|Brythonic branch]] of the [[Celtic languages|Celtic language family]], died out as a first language in the late 18th century. In the 20th and 21st centuries, it has been [[List of revived languages|revived]] by a small number of speakers. It is closely related to the other Brythonic languages ([[Breton language|Breton]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]]), and less so to the [[Goidelic languages]]. Cornish has no legal status in the UK.

There has been a revival of the language by academics and optimistic enthusiasts since the mid-19th century that gained momentum from the publication in 1904 of [[Henry Jenner]]'s ''Handbook of the Cornish Language''. It is a social networking community language rather than a social community group language.<ref>{{cite web | title = Cornish in United Kingdom | publisher = European Commission | url = http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/uk1_en.html | access-date = 11 May 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012160028/http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/uk1_en.html | archive-date = 12 October 2007}}</ref> Cornwall Council encourages and facilitates language classes within the county, in schools and within the wider community.<ref>{{cite web |title=Learning Cornish |url=https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/leisure-and-culture/the-cornish-language/cornish-language/learning-cornish/ |publisher=Cornwall Council |access-date=30 May 2020 |date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728233300/https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/leisure-and-culture/the-cornish-language/cornish-language/learning-cornish/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2002, Cornish was named as a UK regional language in the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2410383.stm |title=November 2002 – Cornish gains official recognition |work=BBC News |date=6 November 2002 |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-date=10 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010134459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2410383.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, in 2005 its promoters received limited government funding.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/4092664.stm |title=June 2005 – Cash boost for Cornish language |work=BBC News |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-date=28 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628145437/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/4092664.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Several words originating in Cornish are used in the mining terminology of English, such as [[costean]], [[gossan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gossan |title=gossan – definition of gossan by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |date=21 September 2009 |access-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102123948/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gossan |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[gunnies]], kibbal,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://onlinedictionary.datasegment.com/word/kibbal |title=kibbal - Definition of kibbal - Online Dictionary from Datasegment.com |publisher=Onlinedictionary.datasegment.com |access-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903214005/http://onlinedictionary.datasegment.com/word/kibbal |archive-date=3 September 2015 }}</ref> [[wikt:keeve|kieve]]<ref>{{cite book|title=British Mining: A Treatise on the History, Discovery, Practical Development|last=Hunt|first=Robert|location=London|publisher=E. & F. N. Spon|date=1887|page=778|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQU55QQHRGcC&pg=PA778|access-date=8 November 2016|quote=The tin stuff is put into a "kieve" about 3{{citefrac|1|2}} feet diameter and 2{{citefrac|1|2}} feet deep, and with an equal volume of water is continually stirred with a shovel in one direction until the tin stuff is in a state of suspended motion.|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525044655/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQU55QQHRGcC&pg=PA778|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[vug]].<ref>''Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms'' by American Geological Institute and U S Bureau of Mines; pp. 128, 249 & 613</ref>

====English dialect====
{{Main|Cornish dialect|West Country English}}
The Cornish language and culture influenced the emergence of particular pronunciations and grammar not used elsewhere in England. The Cornish dialect is spoken to varying degrees; however, someone speaking in broad Cornish may be practically unintelligible to one not accustomed to it. Cornish dialect has generally declined, as in most places it is now little more than a regional accent and grammatical differences have been eroded over time. Marked differences in vocabulary and usage still exist between the eastern and western parts of Cornwall.

===Flag===
{{Main|Saint Piran's Flag}}
[[File:Flag of Cornwall.svg|thumb|The flag of Cornwall]]
[[Saint Piran]]'s Flag is the national flag and ancient banner of Cornwall,<ref name="auto">Payton (2004), p. 262.</ref><ref name="Rendle">{{cite web|url=http://www.flaginstitute.org/pdfs/Phil%20Rendle.pdf|title=Cornwall – The Mysteries of St Piran|last=Rendle|first=Phil|work=Proceedings of the XIX International Congress of Vexillology|publisher=The Flag Institute|access-date=17 January 2010|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430082113/http://www.flaginstitute.org/pdfs/Phil%20Rendle.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fotw">{{cite web|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gb-corn.html |title=Cross of Saint Piran |publisher=Flags of the World (FOTW) |access-date=17 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117170419/https://www.fotw.info/flags/gb-corn.html |archive-date=17 January 2007 }}</ref> and an emblem of the Cornish people. The banner of Saint Piran is a white cross on a black background (in terms of [[heraldry]] 'sable, a cross argent'). According to legend Saint Piran adopted these colours from seeing the white tin in the black coals and ashes during his discovery of tin.<ref name="auto" /><ref>[[Davies Gilbert]] in 1826 described it as anciently the flag of St Piran and the banner of Cornwall, and another history of 1880 said that: "The white cross of St. Piran was the ancient banner of the Cornish people."</ref> The Cornish flag is an exact reverse of the former [[Brittany|Breton]] black cross [[Flag of Brittany|national flag]] and is known by the same name "[[Kroaz Du]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-corn.html |title=Cornwall (United Kingdom) |publisher=Crwflags.com |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715174513/http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/FLAGS/gb-corn.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flags.net/UNKG12.htm#UNKG7400 |title=British Flags (United Kingdom) from The World Flag Database |publisher=Flags.net |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-date=5 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105165552/http://flags.net/UNKG12.htm#UNKG7400 |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Pamiatka z Kornwalii.jpg|thumb|right|Souvenir flags outside a Cornish café]]

===Arts and media===
{{See also|Media in Cornwall}}
[[File:Tate gallery St-Ives.jpg|thumb|Tate Gallery at [[St Ives, Cornwall|St Ives]]]]
[[File:Sphere With Inner Form.jpg|thumb|upright|Artwork in the [[Barbara Hepworth]] Museum in St Ives]]
Since the 19th century, Cornwall, with its unspoilt maritime scenery and strong light, has sustained a vibrant visual art scene of international renown. Artistic activity within Cornwall was initially centred on the art-colony of [[Newlyn]], most active at the turn of the 20th century. This [[Newlyn School]] is associated with the names of [[Stanhope Forbes]], [[Elizabeth Forbes (artist)|Elizabeth Forbes]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Elizabeth Adela Forbes | publisher=PenleeHouse.org.uk | url=http://www.penleehouse.org.uk/artists/elizabeth-forbes.htm | access-date=11 May 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513054831/http://www.penleehouse.org.uk/artists/elizabeth-forbes.htm | archive-date=13 May 2007 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Norman Garstin]] and [[Lamorna Birch]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Samuel John Lamorna Birch |publisher=HayleGallery.co.uk |url=http://www.haylegallery.co.uk/shopdisplayproducts.asp?id=59 |access-date=11 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928004723/http://www.haylegallery.co.uk/shopdisplayproducts.asp?id=59 |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> Modernist writers such as [[D. H. Lawrence]] and [[Virginia Woolf]] lived in Cornwall between the wars,<ref>{{Cite news | title=Virginia Woolf | work=The New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/n/nicolson-woolf.html | access-date=11 May 2007 | archive-date=9 December 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209175353/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/n/nicolson-woolf.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Ben Nicholson]], the painter, having visited in the 1920s came to live in St Ives with his then wife, the sculptor [[Barbara Hepworth]], at the outbreak of the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ben Nicholson |publisher=StormFineArts.com |url=http://www.stormfinearts.com/images/gallery_b/b-nicholson/b-nicholson.html |access-date=11 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230035209/http://www.stormfinearts.com/images/gallery_b/b-nicholson/b-nicholson.html |archive-date=30 December 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They were later joined by the Russian emigrant [[Naum Gabo]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Naum Gabo | publisher=Artnet.com | url=http://www.artnet.com/artist/660735/naum-gabo.html | access-date=11 May 2007 | archive-date=13 April 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070413003422/http://www.artnet.com/artist/660735/naum-gabo.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and other artists. These included [[Peter Lanyon]], [[Terry Frost]], [[Patrick Heron]], [[Bryan Wynter]] and [[Roger Hilton]]. St Ives also houses the Leach Pottery, where [[Bernard Leach]], and his followers championed Japanese inspired studio pottery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bernard Leach and the Leach Pottery |publisher=Studio-Pots.com |url=http://www.studio-pots.com/leach.htm |access-date=11 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403031403/http://www.studio-pots.com/leach.htm |archive-date=3 April 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Much of this modernist work can be seen in [[Tate St Ives]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Tate St Ives | publisher=Tate.org.uk | url=http://www.tate.org.uk/stives/ | access-date=11 May 2007 | archive-date=5 May 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505124143/http://www.tate.org.uk/stives/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The Newlyn Society and [[Penwith Society of Arts]] continue to be active, and contemporary visual art is documented in a dedicated online journal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artcornwall.org |title=art and artists in Cornwall including Cornish galleries |publisher=art cornwall .org |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704182708/http://www.artcornwall.org/ |archive-date=4 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Local television programmes are provided by [[BBC Spotlight|BBC South West]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006pfr1|title=BBC One - Spotlight|website=BBC|accessdate=6 December 2022}}</ref> & [[ITV West Country]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/topic/cornwall|title=ITV West Country Cornwall news for Bristol and the West Country|website=ITV News|accessdate=6 December 2022}}</ref> Radio programmes are produced by [[BBC Radio Cornwall]] in Truro for the entire county, [[Heart West]], [[Source FM]] for the Falmouth and Penryn areas, [[Coast FM (West Cornwall)|Coast FM]] for west Cornwall, [[Radio St Austell Bay]] for the St Austell area, [[NCB Radio]] for north Cornwall & [[Pirate FM]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radio-live-uk.com/england/cornwall|title=List of radio stations in the Cornwall|website=radio-live-uk.com|accessdate=6 December 2022|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024419/https://radio-live-uk.com/england/cornwall|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Cornwall}}
Cornwall has a [[folk music]] tradition that has survived into the present and is well known for its unusual folk survivals such as [[Mummers Play]]s, the [[Furry Dance]] in [[Helston]] played by the famous [[Helston Town Band]], and [[Obby Oss]] in [[Padstow]].

[[Newlyn]] is home to a food and music festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newlynfishfestival.org.uk/|title=Newlyn fish festival|publisher=Newlynfishfestival.org.uk|access-date=2 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015212211/http://www.newlynfishfestival.org.uk/|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> that hosts live music, cooking demonstrations, and displays of locally caught fish.

As in other former mining districts of Britain, male voice choirs and [[Brass band (British style)|brass band]]s, such as ''Brass on the Grass'' concerts during the summer at [[Constantine, Kerrier|Constantine]], are still very popular in Cornwall. Cornwall also has around 40 brass bands, including the six-times National Champions of Great Britain, Camborne Youth Band, and the bands of [[Lanner, Cornwall|Lanner]] and St Dennis.

Cornish players are regular participants in inter-Celtic festivals, and Cornwall itself has several inter-Celtic festivals such as [[Perranporth]]'s Lowender Peran folk festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.an-daras.com |title=An Daras Cornish Folk Tradition |publisher=An-daras.com |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109201945/http://an-daras.com/ |archive-date=9 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Contemporary musician [[Aphex Twin|Richard D. James]] (also known as Aphex Twin) grew up in Cornwall, as did [[Luke Vibert]] and [[Alex Parks]], winner of [[Fame Academy]] 2003. [[Roger Taylor (Queen drummer)|Roger Taylor]], the drummer from the band [[Queen (band)|Queen]] was also raised in the county, and currently lives not far from [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]]. The American singer-songwriter [[Tori Amos]] now resides predominantly in North Cornwall not far from Bude with her family.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Music/The-whole-Tori/2005/05/05/1115092621001.html |title=The whole Tori – Music – Entertainment |work=The Age |location=Melbourne |date=8 May 2005 |access-date=25 September 2010 |first=Guy |last=Blackman |archive-date=13 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113175205/http://www.theage.com.au/news/Music/The-whole-Tori/2005/05/05/1115092621001.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[lute]]nist, composer and festival director [[Ben Salfield]] lives in Truro. [[Mick Fleetwood]] of [[Fleetwood Mac]] was born in [[Redruth]].

===Literature===
Cornwall's rich heritage and dramatic landscape have inspired numerous writers.

====Fiction====
{{see also|Poldark|Winston Graham}}
[[Arthur Quiller-Couch|Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch]], author of many novels and works of literary criticism, lived in Fowey: his novels are mainly set in Cornwall. [[Daphne du Maurier]] lived at [[Menabilly]] near Fowey and many of her novels had Cornish settings: ''[[The Loving Spirit]]'', ''[[Jamaica Inn (novel)|Jamaica Inn]]'', ''[[Rebecca (novel)|Rebecca]]'', ''[[Frenchman's Creek (novel)|Frenchman's Creek]]'', ''[[The King's General]]'' (partially), ''[[My Cousin Rachel]]'', ''[[The House on the Strand]]'' and ''[[Rule Britannia (novel)|Rule Britannia]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title =Daphne du Maurier | publisher =DuMaurier.org | url =http://www.DuMaurier.org/ | access-date =11 May 2007 | archive-date =6 February 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120206075140/http://www.dumaurier.org/ | url-status =live }}</ref> She is also noted for writing ''Vanishing Cornwall''. Cornwall provided the inspiration for ''[[The Birds (story)|The Birds]]'', one of her terrifying series of short stories, made famous as a film by [[Alfred Hitchcock]].<ref>{{cite web | title =The Birds | publisher =MovieDiva.com | url =http://www.moviediva.com/MD_root/reviewpages/MDBirds.htm | access-date =11 May 2007 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070809044041/http://www.moviediva.com/MD_root/reviewpages/MDBirds.htm | archive-date =9 August 2007 | url-status =dead }}</ref> [[File:RemainsofTintagel.jpg|thumb|right|Remains of [[Tintagel Castle]], reputedly [[King Arthur]]'s birthplace]]

[[Arthur Conan Doyle|Conan Doyle]]'s ''[[The Adventure of the Devil's Foot]]'' featuring [[Sherlock Holmes]] is set in Cornwall.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Adventure of the Devil's Foot |publisher=WorldwideSchool.org |url=http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/detective/TheAdventureoftheDevilsFoot/Chap1.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113113313/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/detective/TheAdventureoftheDevilsFoot/Chap1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2013 |access-date=11 May 2007 }}</ref> [[Winston Graham]]'s series ''[[Poldark]]'', [[Kate Tremayne]]'s [[Adam Loveday]] series, [[Susan Cooper]]'s novels ''[[Over Sea, Under Stone]]''<ref>{{cite web | title =Over Sea, Under Stone | publisher =Powell's Books | url =http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=9780689840357 | access-date =11 May 2007 | archive-date =20 February 2007 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070220015103/http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=9780689840357 | url-status =live }}</ref> and ''Greenwitch'', and [[Mary Wesley]]'s ''[[The Camomile Lawn]]'' are all set in Cornwall. Writing under the pseudonym of Alexander Kent, [[Douglas Reeman]] sets parts of his [[Richard Bolitho]] and Adam Bolitho series in the Cornwall of the late 18th and the early 19th centuries, particularly in Falmouth. [[Gilbert K. Chesterton]] placed the action of many of his stories there.

Medieval Cornwall is the setting of the trilogy by [[Monica Furlong]], ''Wise Child'', ''Juniper'' and ''Colman'', as well as part of Charles Kingsley's ''[[Hereward the Wake (novel)|Hereward the Wake]]''.

[[Hammond Innes]]'s novel, ''The Killer Mine'';<ref>{{cite web|title=The Killer Mine |publisher=BoekBesprekingen.nl |url=http://www.boekbesprekingen.nl/cgi-bin/boek.cgi?boek=588391 |access-date=11 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008090759/http://www.boekbesprekingen.nl/cgi-bin/boek.cgi?boek=588391 |archive-date=8 October 2007 }}</ref> [[Charles de Lint]]'s novel ''The Little Country'';<ref>{{Cite book| title =The Little Country | isbn=0312876491| last1=Lint| first1=Charles de| date=7 April 2001| publisher=Macmillan}}</ref> and Chapters 24–25 of [[J. K. Rowling]]'s ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' take place in Cornwall (Shell Cottage, on the beach outside the fictional village of Tinworth).<ref>{{cite web| title =Shell Cottage| publisher =hp-lexicon.org| url =http://www.hp-lexicon.org/atlas/gazetteer/gazetteer-s.html| access-date =11 January 2008| archive-date =30 December 2007| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071230065826/http://www.hp-lexicon.org/atlas/gazetteer/gazetteer-s.html| url-status =live}}</ref>

David Cornwell, who wrote espionage novels under the name [[John le Carré]], lived and worked in Cornwall.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/le-carr-betrayed-by-bad-lot-spy-kim-philby |title=Le Carré betrayed by 'bad lot' spy Kim Philby |work=Channel 4 News |publisher=Channel 4 |date=12 September 2010 |location=London |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708101836/https://www.channel4.com/news/le-carr-betrayed-by-bad-lot-spy-kim-philby |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize-winning]] novelist [[William Golding]] was born in [[St Columb Minor]] in 1911, and returned to live near Truro from 1985 until his death in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of William Golding |publisher=William-Golding.co.uk |url=http://www.william-golding.co.uk/p_biography.html |access-date=11 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317193534/http://www.william-golding.co.uk/p_biography.html |archive-date=17 March 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[D. H. Lawrence]] spent a short time living in Cornwall. [[Rosamunde Pilcher]] grew up in Cornwall, and several of her books take place there.

[[St Michael's Mount|St. Michael's Mount]] in Cornwall (under the fictional name of Mount Polbearne) is the setting of the Little Beach Street Bakery series by [[Jenny Colgan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Jenny Colgan reveals how Cornwall kick starts her creativity |url=https://www.visitcornwall.com/about-cornwall/blogging-cornwall/author-jenny-colgan-reveals-how-cornwall-kick-starts-her-creativity |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=www.visitcornwall.com |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711115858/https://www.visitcornwall.com/about-cornwall/blogging-cornwall/author-jenny-colgan-reveals-how-cornwall-kick-starts-her-creativity |url-status=dead }}</ref> who spent holidays in Cornwall as a child.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDonald |first=Sally |title=Bestselling author Jenny Colgan: I grew up by the sea, so it has always been part of my life and seems such a natural place to be |url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/jenny-colgan-interview/ |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=The Sunday Post |date=13 June 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> The book series includes ''Little Beach Street Bakery'' (2014), ''Summer at Little Beach Street Bakery'' (2015), ''Christmas at Little Beach Street Bakery'' (2016), and ''Sunrise by the Sea'' (2021).

In the ''[[Paddington Bear]]'' novels by [[Michael Bond]] the title character is said to have landed at an unspecified port in Cornwall having travelled in a [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]] aboard a [[cargo ship]] from darkest [[Peru]]. From here he travels to [[London]] on a train and eventually arrives at [[Paddington Station]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paddington.com/global/home-page/|title=Paddington|website=Paddington|accessdate=24 November 2022|archive-date=24 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124064329/https://www.paddington.com/global/home-page/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Enid Blyton]]'s 1953 novel ''[[Five Go Down to the Sea]]'' (the twelfth book in ''[[The Famous Five]]'' series) is set in Cornwall, near the fictional coastal village of Tremannon.

====Poetry====
[[File:ForTheFallenPlaqueCornwall.jpg|thumb|"FOR THE FALLEN" plaque with [[the Rumps]] promontory beyond]]
The late [[Poet Laureate]] [[John Betjeman|Sir John Betjeman]] was famously fond of Cornwall and it featured prominently in his poetry. He is buried in the churchyard at [[St Enodoc's Church, Trebetherick]].<ref>{{cite web|title=St Enodoc Church |publisher=RockInfo.co.uk |url=http://www.rockinfo.co.uk/daymer/stenochc.html |access-date=11 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613142651/http://www.rockinfo.co.uk/daymer/stenochc.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 }}</ref>
[[Charles Causley]], the poet, was born in Launceston and is perhaps the best known of Cornish poets. [[Jack Clemo]] and the scholar [[A. L. Rowse]] were also notable Cornishmen known for their poetry; The Rev. [[Robert Stephen Hawker|R. S. Hawker]] of Morwenstow wrote some poetry which was very popular in the Victorian period.<ref>Woolf, Cecil (1965)."Hawker of Morwenstow, 1803–1875." ''[[The Book Collector]]''; 14, no. 1 (spring): 62–71; 14, no. 2 (summer): 202–211.</ref> The Scottish poet [[W. S. Graham]] lived in West Cornwall from 1944 until his death in 1986.<ref>{{cite web | title =William Sydney Graham | publisher =CPRW.com | url =http://www.cprw.com/Drexel/graham.htm | access-date =11 May 2007 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215803/http://www.cprw.com/Drexel/graham.htm | archive-date =27 September 2007 | url-status =dead }}</ref>

The poet [[Laurence Binyon]] wrote "For the Fallen" (first published in 1914) while sitting on the cliffs between [[Pentire Head|Pentire Point]] and The Rumps and a stone plaque was erected in 2001 to commemorate the fact. The plaque bears the inscription "FOR THE FALLEN / Composed on these cliffs, 1914". The plaque also bears below this the fourth stanza (sometimes referred to as [[Ode of Remembrance|"The Ode"]]) of the poem:
:They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old
:Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn<!-- "Condemn" is in fact the correct word. See the talk page for more. -->
:At the going down of the sun and in the morning
:We will remember them

====Other literary works====
Cornwall produced a substantial number of [[passion play]]s such as the [[Ordinalia]] during the Middle Ages. Many are still extant, and provide valuable information about the Cornish language. See also [[Cornish literature]]

[[Colin Wilson]], a prolific writer who is best known for his debut work ''[[The Outsider (Colin Wilson)|The Outsider]]'' (1956) and for ''[[The Mind Parasites]]'' (1967), lived in [[Gorran Haven]], a small village on the southern Cornish coast. The writer [[D. M. Thomas]] was born in Redruth but lived and worked in Australia and the United States before returning to his native Cornwall. He has written novels, poetry, and other works, including translations from Russian.

[[Thomas Hardy]]'s drama ''[[The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall|The Queen of Cornwall]]'' (1923) is a version of the Tristan story; the second act of [[Richard Wagner]]'s opera ''[[Tristan und Isolde]]'' takes place in Cornwall, as do [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]'s operettas ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]'' and ''[[Ruddigore]]''.

[[Clara Vyvyan]] was the author of various books about many aspects of Cornish life such as ''Our Cornwall''. She once wrote: "The Loneliness of Cornwall is a loneliness unchanged by the presence of men, its freedoms a freedom inexpressible by description or epitaph. Your cannot say Cornwall is this or that. Your cannot describe it in a word or visualise it in a second. You may know the country from east to west and sea to sea, but if you close your eyes and think about it no clear-cut image rises before you. In this quality of changefulness have we possibly surprised the secret of Cornwall's wild spirit—in this intimacy the essence of its charm? Cornwall!".<ref>Quoted in Croxford, Bob (1993) ''From Cornwall with Love''. Mullion: Atmosphere; p. 22</ref>
A level of ''[[Tomb Raider: Legend]]'', a game dealing with Arthurian Legend, takes place in Cornwall at a museum above King Arthur's tomb. The adventure game ''The Lost Crown'' is set in the fictional town of Saxton, which uses the Cornish settlements of Polperro, Talland and Looe as its model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darklingroom.co.uk/thelostcrown/realsaxton/|title=The 'Real' World of Saxton: From The Lost Crown|website=Darklingroom.co.uk|access-date=5 January 2019|archive-date=23 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423065722/http://www.darklingroom.co.uk/thelostcrown/realsaxton/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The fairy tale [[Jack the Giant Killer]] takes place in Cornwall.<ref>{{Cite web|title=English Fairy Tales – Jack the Giant-Killer (by Joseph Jacobs)|url=http://www.authorama.com/english-fairy-tales-21.html|access-date=24 January 2022|website=www.authorama.com}}</ref>

''[[The Mousehole Cat]]'', a children's book written by [[Antonia Barber]] and illustrated by [[Nicola Bayley]], is set in the Cornish village [[Mousehole]] and based on the legend of [[Tom Bawcock]] and the continuing tradition of [[Tom Bawcock's Eve]].

===Sports===
{{Main|Sport in Cornwall}}
[[File:Gerry and Ashley Cawley.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Cornish wrestling]]]]
The main sports played in Cornwall are [[Rugby union|rugby]], [[Association football|football]] and [[cricket]]. Athletes from Truro have done well in [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] and [[Commonwealth Games]] fencing, winning several medals. [[Surfing]] is popular, particularly with tourists, thousands of whom take to the water throughout the summer months. Some towns and villages have bowling clubs, and a wide variety of British sports are played throughout Cornwall. Cornwall is also one of the few [[Cornwall Shinty Club|places]] in England where [[shinty]] is played; the [[English Shinty Association]] is based in [[Penryn, Cornwall|Penryn]].

The [[Cornwall County Cricket Club]] plays as one of the [[National Counties of English and Welsh cricket]].<ref name="Clegg10"/>

Truro, and all of the towns and some villages have [[Association football|football]] clubs belonging to the [[Cornwall County Football Association]], and some clubs have teams competing higher within the [[English football league pyramid]].<ref name=NLM>"[https://www.nonleaguematters.co.uk/divisions/16/ Western League Premier Division (Step 5)]", ''Non-League Matters'', 7 May 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.</ref> Of these, the highest ranked — by two flights — is [[Truro City F.C.]], who played in the [[National League South]] in the 2023–24 season.<ref>"[https://www.trurocityfc.net/news/truro-promoted-after-dramatic-play-off-final-victory-2777961.html Truro Promoted after dramatic play-off trophy final victory]", ''Truro FC official site'', 4 May 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.</ref> Other notable Cornish teams include [[Mousehole A.F.C.]], [[Helston Athletic F.C.]], and [[Falmouth Town F.C.]]<ref name=NLM/>

====Rugby football====
{{main|Rugby union in Cornwall|Rugby league in Cornwall}}
[[File:Olympic Rugby 1908.jpg|thumb|At the 1908 Olympic Games Cornwall's rugby football team represented England (against Australia)]]
Viewed as an "important identifier of ethnic affiliation", [[rugby union]] has become a sport strongly tied to notions of Cornishness.<ref name="Harv221">{{cite book |author=Harvey, David |year= 2002 |title=Celtic Geographies: Old Culture, New Times |url=https://archive.org/details/celticgeographie00harv |url-access=limited |location=London |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-0-415-22396-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/celticgeographie00harv/page/n235 221]}}</ref> and since the 20th century, [[rugby union in Cornwall|rugby union]] has emerged as one of the most popular spectator and team sports in Cornwall (perhaps the most popular), with professional Cornish rugby footballers being described as a "formidable force",<ref name="Clegg10"/> "naturally independent, both in thought and deed, yet paradoxically staunch English patriots whose top players have represented England with pride and passion".<ref name="CornishRug">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/3247717/Cornish-rugby-union-celebrate-125-years-of-pride-and-passion---but-are-they-the-lost-tribe-Rugby.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=UK|title=Cornish rugby union celebrate 125 years of pride and passion – but are they the lost tribe?|first=Brendan|last=Gallagher|date=23 October 2008|access-date=7 September 2009|archive-date=27 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027084935/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/3247717/Cornish-rugby-union-celebrate-125-years-of-pride-and-passion---but-are-they-the-lost-tribe-Rugby.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1985, sports journalist [[Alan Gibson]] made a direct connection between the love of rugby in Cornwall and the ancient parish games of hurling and wrestling that existed for centuries before rugby officially began.<ref name="CornishRug"/> Among Cornwall's native sports are a distinctive form of Celtic wrestling related to [[Brittany|Breton]] wrestling, and [[Hurling the Silver Ball|Cornish hurling]], a kind of mediaeval football played with a silver ball (distinct from [[Hurling|Irish Hurling]]). [[Cornish wrestling]] is Cornwall's oldest sport and as Cornwall's native tradition it has travelled the world to places like [[Victoria, Australia]] and [[Grass Valley, California]] following the miners and [[gold rushes]]. Cornish hurling now takes place at [[St. Columb Major]], [[St Ives, Cornwall|St Ives]], and less frequently at [[Bodmin]].{{efn|The Bodmin hurl is held whenever the ceremony of [[beating the bounds]] takes place: each occasion must be five years or more after the last one.}}

In [[rugby league]], [[Cornwall R.L.F.C.]], founded in 2021, will represent the county in the professional league system. The semi-pro club will start in the third tier [[RFL League 1]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-league/59120702|title=Cornwall to host new rugby league team|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=24 November 2022}}</ref> At an amateur level, the county is represented by [[Cornish Rebels]].

====Surfing and watersports====
[[File:Pilot Gigs St Mary's.jpg|thumb|The world [[Cornish pilot gig|pilot gig]] rowing championships take place annually in the [[Isles of Scilly]]]]
[[File:GwithianSurfing.jpg|thumb|right|Cornwall's north coast is known as a centre for [[surfing]]]]
Due to its long coastline, various maritime sports are popular in Cornwall, notably sailing and [[surfing]]. International events in both are held in Cornwall. Cornwall hosted the Inter-Celtic [[Watersports]] Festival in 2006. Surfing in particular is very popular, as locations such as [[Bude]] and [[Newquay]] offer some of the best surf in the UK. [[Cornish pilot gig|Pilot gig]] rowing has been popular for many years and the [[World Pilot Gig Championships|world championships]] take place annually on the [[Isles of Scilly]]. On 2 September 2007, 300 surfers at [[Polzeath]] beach set a new world record for the highest number of surfers riding the same wave as part of the Global Surf Challenge and part of a project called Earthwave to raise awareness about [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6974667.stm |title=Surfers aim to break world record |work=BBC News |date=2 September 2007 |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202113433/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6974667.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Fencing====
As its population is comparatively small, and largely rural, Cornwall's contribution to [[sport in the United Kingdom|British national sport]] has been limited;<ref name="Clegg10">{{harvnb|Clegg|2005|p=10}}.</ref> the county's greatest successes have come in fencing. In 2014, half of the men's GB team fenced for Truro Fencing Club, and three Truro fencers appeared at the 2012 Olympics.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pilnick |first=Brent |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/fencing/18296910 |title=London 2012: Truro fencers dominate GB Olympic team |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=1 June 2012 |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701002151/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/fencing/18296910 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cornish cuisine}}
Cornwall has a strong culinary heritage. Surrounded on three sides by the sea amid fertile fishing grounds, Cornwall naturally has fresh seafood readily available; [[Newlyn]] is the largest fishing port in the UK by value of fish landed, and is known for its wide range of restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.objectiveone.com/client/media/media-611.htm |title=Objective One media release |publisher=Objectiveone.com |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714223641/http://www.objectiveone.com/client/media/media-611.htm |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Television chef [[Rick Stein]] has long operated a fish restaurant in [[Padstow]] for this reason, and [[Jamie Oliver]] chose to open his second restaurant, [[Fifteen (restaurant)|Fifteen]], in [[Watergate Bay]] near [[Newquay]]. [[MasterChef (UK TV series)|''MasterChef'']] host and founder of Smiths of Smithfield, [[John Torode]], in 2007 purchased Seiners in [[Perranporth]]. One famous local fish dish is [[Stargazy pie]], a fish-based pie in which the heads of the fish stick through the piecrust, as though "star-gazing". The pie is cooked as part of traditional celebrations for [[Tom Bawcock's Eve]], but is not generally eaten at any other time.

[[File:Cornish pasty - cut.jpeg|thumb|right|A Cornish [[pasty]]]]
Cornwall is perhaps best known though for its [[pasty|pasties]], a savoury dish made with pastry. Today's pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak, onion, potato and [[Swedish turnip|swede]] with salt and white pepper, but historically pasties had a variety of different fillings. "Turmut, 'tates and mate" (i.e. "Turnip, potatoes and meat", turnip being the Cornish and Scottish term for swede, itself an abbreviation of 'Swedish Turnip', the British term for [[rutabaga]]) describes a filling once very common. For instance, the licky pasty contained mostly leeks, and the herb pasty contained watercress, parsley, and shallots.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alanrichards.org/cornish3.htm |title=Cornish recipe site |publisher=Alanrichards.org |date=25 February 2008 |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011061411/http://www.alanrichards.org/cornish3.htm |archive-date=11 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pasties are often locally referred to as ''oggies''. Historically, pasties were also often made with sweet fillings such as jam, apple and blackberry, plums or cherries.<ref name=Martin>{{Cite book| last=Martin | first=Edith | title=Cornish Recipes, Ancient & Modern. 22nd edition, 1965|year=1929 }}</ref>
The wet climate and relatively poor soil of Cornwall make it unsuitable for growing many arable crops. However, it is ideal for growing the rich grass required for dairying, leading to the production of Cornwall's other famous export, [[clotted cream]]. This forms the basis for many local specialities including Cornish [[fudge]] and Cornish [[ice cream]]. Cornish clotted cream has [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union|Protected Geographical Status]] under EU law,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/qual/en/uk_en.htm |title=Official list of British protected foods |publisher=Europa.eu.int |date=23 February 2009 |access-date=25 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050602042239/http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/qual/en/uk_en.htm |archive-date=2 June 2005 }}</ref> and cannot be made anywhere else. Its principal manufacturer is [[A. E. Rodda & Son]] of Scorrier.

Local cakes and desserts include [[Saffron bun|Saffron cake]], [[Heavy cake|Cornish heavy (''hevva'') cake]], [[Cornish fairings]] biscuits, figgy 'obbin, [[Cream tea]] and whortleberry pie.<ref>Mason, Laura; Brown, Catherine (1999) ''From Bath Chaps to Bara Brith''. Totnes: Prospect Books</ref><ref>Pettigrew, Jane (2004) ''Afternoon Tea''. Andover: Jarrold</ref><ref>Fitzgibbon, Theodora (1972) ''A Taste of England: the West Country''. London: J. M. Dent</ref>

There are also many types of beers brewed in Cornwall—those produced by [[Sharp's Brewery]], [[Skinner's Brewery]], Keltek Brewery and [[St Austell Brewery]] are the best known—including [[stout]]s, [[ale]]s and other beer types. There is some small scale production of wine, [[mead]] and [[cider]].