Editing Computer science (section)

===Computer systems===

====Computer architecture and microarchitecture====
{{main|Computer architecture|Microarchitecture|Computer engineering}}

Computer architecture, or digital computer organization, is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It focuses largely on the way by which the central processing unit performs internally and accesses addresses in memory.<ref>{{cite web|last=A. Thisted|first=Ronald|title=Computer Architecture |url=http://galton.uchicago.edu/~thisted/Distribute/comparch.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://galton.uchicago.edu/~thisted/Distribute/comparch.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=The University of Chicago|date=April 7, 1997}}</ref> Computer engineers study [[computational logic]] and design of computer hardware, from individual [[Processor (computing)|processor]] components, [[microcontroller]]s, [[personal computer]]s to [[supercomputer]]s and [[embedded system]]s. The term "architecture" in computer literature can be traced to the work of Lyle R. Johnson and [[Frederick P. Brooks Jr.]], members of the Machine Organization department in IBM's main research center in 1959.

{| style="border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; margin:auto;" cellspacing="15"
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| [[File:ABasicComputer.svg|96px]]
| [[File:Intel Core2 arch.svg|96px]]
| [[File:SIMD.svg|96px]]
| [[File:Z80 arch.svg|96px]]
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| [[Processing unit]]
| [[Microarchitecture]]
| [[Multiprocessing]]
| [[Processor design]]
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| [[File:Roomba original.jpg|96px]]
| [[File:flowchart.png|96px]]
| [[File:Kernel Layout.svg|96px]]
| [[File:Uarm metal wiki2.jpg|96px]]
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| [[Ubiquitous computing]]
| [[Systems architecture]]
| [[Operating system]]s
| [[Input/output]]
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| [[File:Physical computing.svg|96px]]
| [[File:FIR Filter General.svg|96px]]
| [[File:Dep-1.svg|96px]]
| [[File:Linker.svg|96px]]
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| [[Embedded system]]
| [[Real-time computing]]
| [[Dependability]]
| [[Interpreter (computing)|Interpreter]]
|}

====Concurrent, parallel and distributed computing====
{{main|Concurrency (computer science)|Distributed computing}}
Concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other.<ref>Jiacun Wang, (2017). ''Real-Time Embedded Systems''. Wiley. p. 12. {{ISBN|978-1-119-42070-5}}.</ref> A number of mathematical models have been developed for general concurrent computation including [[Petri net]]s, [[process calculi]] and the [[parallel random access machine]] model.<ref>Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic; Raffaela Giovagnoli, (2013). ''Computing Nature: Turing Centenary Perspective''. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 247. {{ISBN|978-3-642-37225-4}}.</ref> When multiple computers are connected in a network while using concurrency, this is known as a distributed system. Computers within that distributed system have their own private memory, and information can be exchanged to achieve common goals.<ref>Simon Elias Bibri (2018). ''Smart Sustainable Cities of the Future: The Untapped Potential of Big Data Analytics and Context-Aware Computing for Advancing Sustainability''. Springer. p. 74. {{ISBN|978-3-319-73981-6}}.</ref>

====Computer networks====
{{main|Computer network}}
This branch of computer science aims to manage networks between computers worldwide.

====Computer security and cryptography====
{{main|Computer security|Cryptography}}
Computer security is a branch of computer technology with the objective of protecting information from unauthorized access, disruption, or modification while maintaining the accessibility and usability of the system for its intended users.

Historical [[cryptography]] is the art of writing and deciphering secret messages. Modern cryptography is the scientific study of problems relating to distributed computations that can be attacked.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Katz|first=Jonathan|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137325053|title=Introduction to modern cryptography|date=2008|publisher=Chapman & Hall/CRC|others=Yehuda Lindell|isbn=978-1-58488-551-1|location=Boca Raton|oclc=137325053|access-date=November 17, 2021|archive-date=May 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003141/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137325053|url-status=live}}</ref> Technologies studied in modern cryptography include symmetric and asymmetric [[encryption]], [[digital signature]]s, [[cryptographic hash function]]s, [[key-agreement protocol]]s, [[blockchain]], [[zero-knowledge proof]]s, and [[garbled circuit]]s.

====Databases and data mining====
{{main|Database|Data mining}}
A database is intended to organize, store, and retrieve large amounts of data easily. Digital databases are managed using database management systems to store, create, maintain, and search data, through [[database model]]s and [[query language]]s. Data mining is a process of discovering patterns in large data sets.