Editing Columbia University (section)

===Research===
[[File:HavemeyerFront.jpg|thumb|[[Havemeyer Hall]], a [[National Historic Chemical Landmarks|National Historic Chemical Landmark]], where [[deuterium]] was discovered in 1931. Research conducted in Havemeyer has been recognized with seven [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prizes in Chemistry]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 9, 1998|title=Havemeyer Hall|url=https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/havemeyerhall/havemeyer-hall-at-columbia-university-commemorative-booklet.pdf|website=American Chemical Society|access-date=July 6, 2021|archive-date=March 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305072634/https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/havemeyerhall/havemeyer-hall-at-columbia-university-commemorative-booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Columbia is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University in the City of New York |url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=190150|access-date=July 18, 2020|website=Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup |publisher=Center for Postsecondary Education|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718061353/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=190150|url-status=dead}}</ref> Columbia was the first North American site where the [[uranium]] atom was split. The College of Physicians and Surgeons played a central role in developing the modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of ''[[Principles of Neural Science]]'', described by historian of science Katja Huenther as the "neuroscience 'bible' ".<ref>{{cite book|last=Guenther|first=Katja|title=Localization and Its Discontents: A Genealogy of Psychoanalysis and the Neuro Disciplines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tkpCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 |publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-226-28820-8|location=Chicago|page=155}}</ref> The book was written by a team of Columbia researchers that included Nobel Prize winner [[Eric Kandel]], [[James H. Schwartz (neurobiologist)|James H. Schwartz]], and [[Thomas Jessell]]. Columbia was the birthplace of [[FM radio]] and the [[laser]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia To Go|url=http://studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/pdf/Columbia_To_Go.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605140310/http://studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/pdf/Columbia_To_Go.pdf|archive-date=June 5, 2007|access-date=April 29, 2007|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> The first [[Brain–computer interface|brain-computer interface]] capable of translating brain signals into speech was developed by [[Neural engineering|neuroengineers]] at Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paez|first=Danny|title=Incredible New Brain-Computer Interface Can Translate Thoughts Into Speech|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/52812-brain-computer-interface-translates-thoughts-to-speech|access-date=January 30, 2019|website=Inverse|date=January 29, 2019|language=en|archive-date=January 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131145247/https://www.inverse.com/article/52812-brain-computer-interface-translates-thoughts-to-speech|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=January 29, 2019|title=Artificial intelligence translates thoughts directly into speech in scientific first|language=en|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/brain-computer-interface-ai-translates-thoughts-speech-artificial-intelligence-columbia-university-a8753031.html|access-date=January 30, 2019|archive-date=January 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131101958/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/brain-computer-interface-ai-translates-thoughts-speech-artificial-intelligence-columbia-university-a8753031.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Columbia Researchers Developed Technology That Can Translate Brain Activity Into Words|url=http://fortune.com/2019/01/30/columbia-ai-speech-synthesizer-translate-thoughts/|access-date=January 30, 2019|website=Fortune.com|language=en|archive-date=January 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131012003/http://fortune.com/2019/01/30/columbia-ai-speech-synthesizer-translate-thoughts/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[MPEG-2]] algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by [[Dimitris Anastassiou]], a Columbia professor of electrical engineering. Biologist [[Martin Chalfie]] was the first to introduce the use of [[Green Fluorescent Protein]] (GFP) in labeling cells in intact organisms.<ref>{{cite news|last=Herper|first=Matthew|date=July 26, 2001|title=Biotech's Glowing Breakthrough|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/07/26/0726gfp_print.html|access-date=February 27, 2008|archive-date=February 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225131356/http://www.forbes.com/2001/07/26/0726gfp_print.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) technology for making LCDs, System Management Arts (SMARTS), [[Session Initiation Protocol]] (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), [[pharmacopeia]], Macromodel (software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for glass concrete, Blue [[LED]]s, and Beamprop (used in photonics).<ref name="inventions_nind2">{{cite web|title=New Inventions / New Discoveries|url=http://stv.columbia.edu/assets/STV's%20Success%20Stories.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613170734/http://stv.columbia.edu/assets/STV%27s%20Success%20Stories.pdf|archive-date=June 13, 2007|access-date=April 29, 2007|publisher=Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures}}</ref>

Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year.<ref name="inventions_nind2" /> More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia reached the market. These include [[Remicade]] (for arthritis), [[Reopro]] (for blood clot complications), [[Xalatan]] (for glaucoma), [[Benefix]], [[Latanoprost]] (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, [[homocysteine]] (testing for cardiovascular disease), and [[Zolinza]] (for cancer therapy).<ref name="inventions_stvss2">{{cite web|title=Science and Technology Ventures – Success Stories|url=http://stv.columbia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=34#2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221061844/http://stv.columbia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=34|archive-date=February 21, 2008|access-date=February 27, 2008|publisher=Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures}}</ref> Columbia Technology Ventures (formerly Science and Technology Ventures), {{as of|2008|lc=yes}}, manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements.<ref name="inventions_stvss2" /> Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230&nbsp;million in the 2006 fiscal year, according to the university, more than any university in the world.<ref name="inventions_pbitctc2">{{cite news|last=Reedy|first=Katie|date=November 28, 2006|title=Patents Bring in the Cash to Columbia|newspaper=Columbia Spectator|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/2006/11/28/patents-bring-cash-columbia|access-date=July 11, 2016|archive-date=September 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917203427/http://columbiaspectator.com/2006/11/28/patents-bring-cash-columbia|url-status=live}}</ref> Columbia owns many unique research facilities, such as the [[Columbia Institute for Tele-Information]] dedicated to [[telecommunications]] and the [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], which is an [[Astronomy|astronomical]] [[observatory]] affiliated with [[NASA]].