Editing Coin (section)

=== Modern history ===
Genoese coins became important in the 16th century during the [[Republic of Genoa#Golden age of Genoese bankers|Golden age of Genoese banking]], with the [[Spanish Empire]] funnelling its massive wealth from [[Spanish America]] through the [[Bank of Saint George]]. With the decline in the fortunes of the Genoese banks and the [[Spanish Empire]] in the 17th century, however, the [[Genoese lira]] also depreciated substantially. The silver scudo's value increased to 6.5 lire in 1646, 7.4 lire in 1671, and 8.74 lire just before the [[Siege of Genoa (1746)|Austrian occupation of Genoa]] in 1746.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Serra |first=Girolamo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Y3Bbe_ua0sC |title=Discorso sulle monete di Genova recitato dal Signor Girolamo Serra rettore dell'Università all'Accademia delle scienze, lettere ed arti, nell'adunanza del dì 15 luglio 1810 |date= |language=it}}</ref>

Variations in the mass of precious metals used in international trade, particularly in imports of spices and textiles into Europe, explain the numerous monetary reforms that occurred in this period. The effect of these transactions on the available reserves of gold and silver was at the origin of the various monetary reforms, which changed the price of silver compared to gold. Faced with the distinct monetary systems developed by [[Genoa]], [[Venice]] or [[Florence]], the widespread use in the 15th century of the silver [[thaler]], of constant size and mass, allowed conversion operations to be limited and therefore exchanges facilitated. The thaler was the monetary unit of the Germanic countries until the 19th century and is considered the ancestor of the [[United States dollar]].<ref>Jean Gimpel, ''La révolution industrielle du Moyen Âge'', Seuil, coll. « Point Histoire », 2002, pp. 46-48, {{ISBN|978-2020541510}}</ref> At the same time, the Mexican Mint was established on May 11, 1535, by order of the Spanish king following the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]]. Opened in April 1536, this mint had the right to mint silver [[Spanish real]] which became the basis of the monetary system of the [[Spanish Empire]]. [[Louis XIII]] had the [[Louis d'or]] minted in 1640 to compete with these coins.

The first attested [[Siege money|siege coins]] appeared at the [[Battle of Pavia|siege of Pavia]] in 1524. Auxiliary coins consisted, among the Greeks and Romans as in our modern societies, of coins strongly linked to copper. In particular, the red copper alloy was used for its physical properties, suitable for objects constantly subjected to manipulation: malleability, resistance to impacts, wear and corrosion (only gold has better resistance to corrosion).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fabienne Lemarchand|title=L'or gratuit|journal=Le Recherche|date=July 2003|volume=|number=366|page=91|url=http://www.larecherche.fr/idees/back-to-basic/01-07-2003-88786|access-date=2023-10-09|archive-date=2016-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408190339/http://www.larecherche.fr/idees/back-to-basic/01-07-2003-88786|url-status=dead}}</ref> This alloy was often mixed with a little tin, zinc and especially nickel for their anti-corrosive, ductile and anti-fouling properties.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nnamdi Anyadike|title=Nickel|publisher=Elsevier|year=2002|page=88|isbn=}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Silver Coin of Jalaluddin.jpg|Silver coin of the 15th-century Bengal Sultanate ruler [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]
File:Genova doppia 1639.jpg|right|Genoese doppia, 1639
File:France 1640 4 Louis d’or (Louis XIII).jpg|[[Louis d'or]], 1640
File:Wildermann thaler.jpg|[[Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]] [[Thaler]] minted in 1629
File:Genbun Inari Koban Kin.jpg|Japanese local currency [[Genbun]] Inari Koban Kin, {{Circa|1736}}–1741
File:Potosì 8 reales 1768 131206.jpg|1768 silver [[Spanish Dollar]], or eight [[Spanish real|reales]] coin (the "piece of eight" of pirate fame), minted throughout the [[Spanish Empire]]
File:TURKEY, SULTAN MAHMUD II 1818 -2 RUMI GOLD b - Flickr - woody1778a.jpg|[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] coin, 1818
File:One Rupee East India Company.JPG|One Rupee coin issued by the [[East India Company]], 1835
File:Coins minted at the Royal Mint of Great Britain.jpg|British coins 15-20 centuries
</gallery>