Editing Christian Democratic Appeal (section)

=== International affairs ===
==== Europe ====
Based on the [[Chapel Hill expert survey]] (2014), CDA can be qualified as "[[Eurorealist]]",<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcms.13390|title=From Eurorealism to Europhilia? The 2021 Dutch Elections and the New Approach of the Netherlands in EU Politics|first=Simon|last=Otjes|journal=JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies |date=19 July 2022|volume=60 |pages=60–75 |doi=10.1111/jcms.13390 |language=en|access-date=5 August 2024|hdl=1887/3515646|hdl-access=free}}</ref> while it had been more [[Pro-Europeanism|pro-European]] in the past. In its [[party manifesto]] in 1980, the CDA strived for a "united Europe" and in 1979 they had endorsed the EPP election manifesto which called for a [[federal Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cda-digitaal.dnpp.nl/perioden/1977-1982/europa|title=Europa 1977 - 1982 |access-date=5 August 2024|language=nl}}</ref> In the early 2000s CDA started emphasizing the national identity, writing in its 2004 election manifesto it wanted "to ensure that we do not lose our own Dutch identity in the larger Europe".<ref name="Europe2001-2010">{{Cite web|url=https://cda-digitaal.dnpp.nl/perioden/2001-2010/europa|title=Europa 2001 - 2010 |language=nl|access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref> A turning point was the [[2005 Dutch European Constitution referendum|2005 referendum]] on the [[Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe]], which was voted down. CDA had officially endorsed the Treaty, but Balkenende was largely absent during the campaign.{{Sfn|Voerman|2011|pp=193-195}} The focus shifted to the national interest in Europe. Around the same that the EPP started to distance itself from a federal Europe in its new party manifesto, CDA wrote in its manifesto for the [[2014 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|2014 European Parliament election]] the party "is and remains against a federal Europe". It turned against [[enlargement of the European Union]], which it had supported in the previous decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cda-digitaal.dnpp.nl/perioden/2010-2020/europa|title=Europa 2010 - 2020|language=nl|access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref>