Editing Chinese Civil War (section)

=== Nationalist atrocities ===
Over several years after the 1927 [[Shanghai massacre]], the Kuomintang killed between 300,000 and one million people, primarily peasants, in anti-communist campaigns as part of the White Terror.<ref>Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC ''Zhou Enlai: A Political Life''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325202546/https://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC |date=25 March 2017 }}. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. {{ISBN|962-996-280-2}}. Retrieved 12 November 2022. p. 38</ref><ref name="Karl2010">{{Cite book |last=Karl |first=Rebecca E. |title=Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world: a concise history |date=2010 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4 |location=Durham, NC |pages=33}}</ref> During the White Terror, the Nationalists specifically targeted women with short hair who had not been subjected to [[foot binding]], on the presumption that such "non-traditional" women were radicals.<ref name="Karl2010" /> Nationalist forces cut off their breasts, shaved their heads, and displayed their mutilated bodies to intimidate the populace.<ref name="Karl2010" />

Torture, rape, and collective punishment were common Nationalist practices during its counter-insurgency campaigns.<ref name="Opper2020" />{{Rp|91–92}} The Nationalists uprooted and moved entire communities in an effort to more easily monitor Communist activities.<ref name="Opper2020" />{{Rp|92}}

From 1946 to 1949, the Nationalists arrested, tortured, and killed political dissidents via the Sino-American Cooperative Organization.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |title=China's good war: how World War II is shaping a new nationalism |year=2020 |publisher=Belknap |isbn=978-0-674-98426-4 |location=Cambridge, MA |page=179}}</ref>