Editing Chimpanzee (section)

==Human relations==

===In culture===
[[File:Schimpansenmaske kaogle Liberia Museum Rietberg RAF 428.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Chimpanzee mask, [[Gio people|Gio tribe]], Liberia]]
Chimpanzees are rarely represented in [[African culture]], as people find them "too close for comfort". The [[Gio people]] of Liberia and the [[Hemba people]] of the Congo make chimpanzee masks. Gio masks are crude and blocky, and worn when teaching young people how not to behave. The Hemba masks have a smile that suggests drunken anger, insanity or horror and are worn during rituals at funerals, representing the "awful reality of death". The masks may also serve to guard households and protect both human and plant fertility. Stories have been told of chimpanzees kidnapping and raping women.<ref name="symbolism">{{cite book |first=H. B. |last=Werness |year=2007 |title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |page=86 |isbn=978-0-8264-1913-2}}</ref>

In Western [[popular culture]], chimpanzees have occasionally been stereotyped as childlike companions, [[sidekick]]s or [[clowns]]. They are especially suited for the latter role on account of their prominent facial features, long limbs and fast movements, which humans often find amusing. Accordingly, entertainment acts featuring chimpanzees dressed up as humans with [[lip-sync]]hronised human voices have been traditional staples of [[circus]]es, [[stage show]]s and TV shows like ''[[Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp]]'' (1970–1972) and ''[[The Chimp Channel]]'' (1999).<ref name="Van Riper 19">{{Cite book |last=Van Riper |first=A. B. |title=Science in popular culture: a reference guide |url=https://archive.org/details/sciencepopularcu00ripe |url-access=limited |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport |year=2002 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sciencepopularcu00ripe/page/n35 18]–19 |isbn=978-0-313-31822-1}}</ref> From 1926 until 1972, [[London Zoo]], followed by several other zoos around the world, held a [[chimpanzees' tea party]] daily, inspiring a long-running series of advertisements for [[PG Tips#Advertising|PG Tips]] tea featuring such a party.<ref>{{cite book |last=Warner |first=M. |author-link=Marina Warner |title=Monsters of our own making: the peculiar pleasures of fear |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2007 |page=335 |isbn=978-0-8131-9174-4}}</ref><ref name="Heath 2014">{{cite web |last1=Heath |first1=Neil |title=PG Tips chimps: The last of the tea-advertising apes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-23508215 |publisher=BBC |access-date=30 March 2019 |date=9 January 2014 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330183848/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-23508215 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Animal rights]] groups have urged a stop to such acts, considering them abusive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nomoremonkeybusiness.com/ |title=Animal actors |publisher=Nomoremonkeybusiness.com |access-date=28 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303121336/http://www.nomoremonkeybusiness.com/ |archive-date=3 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Aping Hollywood poster.jpg|thumb|upright|Poster for the 1931 film ''Aping Hollywood''. Media like this relied on the novelty of performing apes to carry their gags.<ref name="Van Riper 19"/>]]
Chimpanzees in media include Judy on the television series ''[[Daktari]]'' in the 1960s and Darwin on ''[[The Wild Thornberrys]]'' in the 1990s. In contrast to the fictional depictions of other animals, such as dogs (as in ''[[Lassie]]''), dolphins (''[[Flipper (1964 TV series)|Flipper]]''), horses (''[[The Black Stallion]]'') or even other great apes (''[[King Kong]]''), chimpanzee characters and actions are rarely relevant to the plot. Depictions of chimpanzees as individuals rather than stock characters, and as central rather than incidental to the plot can be found in [[science fiction]]. [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s 1947 short story "[[Jerry Was a Man]]" concerns a [[biological uplift|genetically enhanced]] chimpanzee suing for better treatment. The 1972 film ''[[Conquest of the Planet of the Apes]]'', the third sequel of the 1968 film ''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'', portrays a futuristic revolt of enslaved apes led by the only talking chimpanzee, [[Caesar (Planet of the Apes)|Caesar]], against their human masters.<ref name="Van Riper 19"/>

===As pets===
Chimpanzees have traditionally been kept as pets in a few African villages, especially in the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. In [[Virunga National Park]] in the east of the country, the park authorities regularly seize chimpanzees from people keeping them as pets.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7839819.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Gorilla diary: August – December 2008 |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=28 April 2010 |archive-date=5 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205031918/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7839819.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Outside their range, chimpanzees are popular as [[exotic pet]]s despite their strength and aggression. Even in places where keeping non-human primates as pets is illegal, the exotic pet trade continues to prosper, leading to injuries from attacks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chimpanzees don't make good pets |url=http://www.janegoodall.org/chimp-central-pets |publisher=The Jane Goodall Institute |access-date=1 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202195221/http://www.janegoodall.org/chimp-central-pets |archive-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>

===Use in research===
{{see also|Countries banning non-human ape experimentation|Animal testing on non-human primates#Chimpanzees in the U.S.}}
Hundreds of chimpanzees have been kept in laboratories for research. Most such laboratories either conduct or make the animals available for invasive research,<ref name="HSUSmap">{{cite web |url=http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/chimpanzee-lab-and-sanctuary-map.html |title=Chimpanzee lab and sanctuary map |publisher=[[Humane Society of the United States]] |access-date=24 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307055400/http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/chimpanzee-lab-and-sanctuary-map.html |archive-date=7 March 2008}}</ref> defined as "inoculation with an infectious agent, surgery or biopsy conducted for the sake of research and not for the sake of the chimpanzee, and/or drug testing".<ref name="HSUSresearch">{{cite web |url=http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/overview_of_research_uses_and.html |title=Chimpanzee research: overview of research uses and costs |publisher=[[Humane Society of the United States]] |access-date=24 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307055406/http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/overview_of_research_uses_and.html |archive-date=7 March 2008}}</ref> Research chimpanzees tend to be used repeatedly over decades for up to 40 years, unlike the pattern of use of most laboratory animals.<ref name="HSUSbetter">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215112131/http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/ |archive-date=15 February 2008 |url=http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/ |url-status=dead |title=Chimps deserve better |publisher=[[Humane Society of the United States]]}}</ref> Two federally funded American laboratories use chimpanzees: the [[Yerkes National Primate Research Center]] at [[Emory University]] in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Southwest National Primate Center in San Antonio, Texas.<ref name="Lovgren">{{cite web |last=Lovgren |first=S. |title=Should labs treat chimps more like humans? |website=[[National Geographic News]] |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/09/0906_050906_chimplabs.html |url-status=dead |date=6 September 2005 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050923121728/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/09/0906_050906_chimplabs.html |archive-date=23 September 2005}}</ref> Five hundred chimpanzees have been retired from laboratory use in the US and live in [[Animal sanctuary|animal sanctuaries]] in the US or Canada.<ref name="HSUSmap"/>

A five-year moratorium was imposed by the US National Institutes of Health in 1996, because too many chimpanzees had been bred for HIV research, and it has been extended annually since 2001.<ref name="Lovgren"/> With the publication of the [[chimpanzee genome]], plans to increase the use of chimpanzees in America were reportedly increasing in 2006, some scientists arguing that the federal moratorium on breeding chimpanzees for research should be lifted.<ref name="Lovgren"/><ref name="Langley15">{{cite web |author-link=Gill Langley |last=Langley |first=G. |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.eceae.org/english/documents/NoKReport.pdf |title=Next of kin: a report on the use of primates in experiments |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128121456/http://www.eceae.org/english/documents/NoKReport.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2007 |publisher=British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection |page=15}} citing {{cite journal |author=VandeBerg, J. L. |author2=Zola, S. M. |title=A unique biomedical resource at risk |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue=7055 |pages=30–32 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16136112 |doi=10.1038/437030a |bibcode=2005Natur.437...30V|s2cid=4346309}}</ref> However, in 2007, the NIH made the moratorium permanent.<ref name="Dunham">{{cite web |last=Dunham |first=W. |work=Reuters|title=US stops breeding chimps for research |date=24 May 2007 |access-date=20 May 2021 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chimpanzees-research-usa-idUSN2438996920070524 |url-status=live |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210521023010/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chimpanzees-research-usa-idUSN2438996920070524}}</ref>
[[File:Chimpanzee Ham in Biopack Couch for MR-2 flight MSFC-6100114.jpg |left|thumb |[[Ham (chimpanzee)|Ham]], the first great ape in space, before being inserted into his [[Mercury-Redstone 2]] capsule on 31 January 1961]]
Other researchers argue that chimpanzees either should not be used in research, or should be treated differently, for instance with [[Great ape personhood|legal status as persons]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Karcher, K. |title=The Great Ape Project |editor=Bekoff, M. |editor-link=Marc Bekoff |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare |publisher=Greenwood |year=2009 |pages=185–187}}</ref> Pascal Gagneux, an evolutionary biologist and primate expert at the [[University of California, San Diego]], argues, given chimpanzees' sense of self, tool use, and genetic similarity to human beings, studies using chimpanzees should follow the ethical guidelines used for human subjects unable to give consent.<ref name="Lovgren"/> A recent study suggests chimpanzees which are retired from labs exhibit a form of [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/15299730802073619 |author1=Bradshaw, G. A. |author2=Capaldo, T. |author3=Lindner, L. |author4=Grow, G. |title=Building an inner sanctuary: complex PTSD in chimpanzees |journal=Journal of Trauma & Dissociation |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=9–34 |year=2008 |pmid=19042307 |s2cid=12632717 |url=http://www.releasechimps.org/pdfs/ExecSumTraumaFINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512152142/http://www.releasechimps.org/pdfs/ExecSumTraumaFINAL.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-12 |url-status=live}}</ref> Stuart Zola, director of the Yerkes laboratory, disagrees. He told ''National Geographic'': "I don't think we should make a distinction between our obligation to treat humanely any species, whether it's a rat or a monkey or a chimpanzee. No matter how much we may wish it, chimps are not human."<ref name="Lovgren"/>

Only one European laboratory, the [[Biomedical Primate Research Centre]] in [[Rijswijk]], the Netherlands, used chimpanzees in research. It formerly held 108 chimpanzees among 1,300 non-human primates. The Dutch ministry of science decided to phase out research at the centre from 2001.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodman |first1=S. |title=Europe brings experiments on chimpanzees to an end |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=411 |date=10 May 2001 |issue=6834 |page=123 |doi=10.1038/35075735 |pmid=11346754 |bibcode=2001Natur.411..123G |doi-access=free}}</ref> Trials already under way were however allowed to run their course.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lab chimps face housing crisis: experiments on apes end, but problems remain |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5761824 |agency=Associated Press |date=19 August 2004 |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924003557/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5761824 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chimpanzees including the female [[Ai (chimpanzee)|Ai]] have been studied at the [[Primate Research Institute]] of [[Kyoto University]], Japan, formerly directed by [[Tetsuro Matsuzawa]], since 1978. 12 chimpanzees are currently{{When|date=June 2024}} held at the facility.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chimpanzee Ai |url=https://langint.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ai/en/friends/ai.html |publisher=Kyoto University |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012031752/https://langint.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ai/en/friends/ai.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Two chimpanzees have been [[Monkeys and apes in space|sent into outer space]] as [[NASA]] research subjects. [[Ham (chimpanzee)|Ham]], the first great ape in space, was launched in the [[Mercury-Redstone 2]] capsule on 31 January 1961, and survived the suborbital flight. [[Enos (chimpanzee)|Enos]], the third primate to orbit Earth after Soviet cosmonauts [[Yuri Gagarin]] and [[Gherman Titov]], flew on [[Mercury-Atlas 5]] on 29 November of the same year.<ref>{{cite web |author=Betz, E. |date=21 April 2020 |title=Animals in space: a brief history of 'astrochimps' |publisher=Astronomy.com |access-date=8 June 2021 |url=https://astronomy.com/news/2020/04/animals-in-space-a-brief-history-of-astro-chimps |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609021913/https://astronomy.com/news/2020/04/animals-in-space-a-brief-history-of-astro-chimps |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Swenson |first1=L.S.Jr. |last2=Grimwood |first2=J.M. |last3=Alexander |first3=C.C. |year=1989 |editor1-last=Woods |editor1-first=D. |editor2-last=Gamble |editor2-first=C. |title=This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury |series=NASA History Series (Special Publication-4201) |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/toc.htm |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823124845/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/toc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Field study===
[[File:Gombe Stream NP Fuetterungsstation.jpg|right|thumb|Feeding station at Gombe, where [[Jane Goodall]] used to feed and observe the chimpanzees]]
[[Jane Goodall]] undertook the first long-term field study of the chimpanzee, begun in Tanzania at [[Gombe Stream National Park]] in 1960.<ref name="nat.geo.04.03.">{{cite magazine |title=Jane in the forest again |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0304/feature5/fulltext.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210041539/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0304/feature5/fulltext.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2007 |magazine=National Geographic |date=April 2003 |access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref> Other long-term studies begun in the 1960s include [[Adriaan Kortlandt]]'s in the eastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and [[Toshisada Nishida]]'s in [[Mahale Mountains National Park]] in Tanzania.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nishida |first=T. |year=2012 |title=Chimpanzees of the Lakeshore: Natural History and Culture at Mahale |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=J. E. |title=Going bananas |publisher=American Scholar |date=Winter 1993 |pages=154–157}}</ref> Current understanding of the species' typical behaviours and social organisation has been formed largely from Goodall's ongoing 60-year Gombe research study.<ref name="Power.Anthropologist">{{cite journal |last=Power |first=M. |title=Divergence population genetics of chimpanzees |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=95 |date=December 1993 |pages=1010–11 |issue=4 |doi=10.1525/aa.1993.95.4.02a00180}}</ref><ref name=long>{{cite book |title=Long-term Field Studies of Primates |url=https://archive.org/details/longtermfieldstu00kapp|url-access=limited |editor1=Kappeler, P. M. |editor2=Watts, D. P. |chapter=Long-term studies of the chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania |author=Wilson, M. L. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/longtermfieldstu00kapp/page/n377 |pages=357–384 |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |isbn=9783642225130}}</ref><ref name="Wilson et al. (2020)">{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=M. L. |display-authors=etal |title=Research and conservation in the greater Gombe ecosystem: challenges and opportunities |journal=Biological Conservation |date=2020 |volume=252 |page=108853 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108853 |pmid=33343005 |pmc=7743041|bibcode=2020BCons.25208853W }}</ref>

===Attacks===
Chimpanzees have attacked humans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monkeyday.org/2006/04/texas-man-tells-story-of-fatal-chimp.html |title=Texas man saves friend during fatal chimp attack |access-date=27 June 2006 |last=Osborn |first=C. |date=27 April 2006 |work=The Pulse Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608085455/http://www.monkeyday.org/2006/04/texas-man-tells-story-of-fatal-chimp.html |archive-date=8 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chimp attack kills cabbie and injures tourists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,1760554,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=27 June 2006 |date=25 April 2006 |location=London}}</ref> In Uganda, several attacks on children have happened, some of them fatal. Some of these attacks may have been due to the chimpanzees being intoxicated (from alcohol obtained from rural brewing operations) and becoming aggressive towards humans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.primates.com/chimps/drunk-n-disorderly.html |title='Drunk and disorderly' chimps attacking Ugandan children |access-date=27 June 2006 |date=9 February 2004 |first1=Wairagala |last1=Wakabi |agency=EastAfrican |via=primates.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619230813/http://www.primates.com/chimps/drunk-n-disorderly.html |archive-date=19 June 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Human interactions with chimpanzees may be especially dangerous if the chimpanzees perceive humans as potential rivals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7087194 |title=Chimp attack doesn't surprise experts |access-date=27 June 2006 |date=5 March 2005 |publisher=NBC News |archive-date=10 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010224318/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7087194/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At least six cases of chimpanzees snatching and eating human babies are documented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0304/feature4/online_extra2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714102812/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0304/feature4/online_extra2.html |archive-date=14 July 2009 |title=Frodo: the alpha male |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |date=15 May 2002 |access-date=6 June 2009}}</ref>

A chimpanzee's strength and sharp teeth mean that attacks, even on adult humans, can cause severe injuries. This was evident after the attack and near death of former [[NASCAR]] driver St. James Davis, who was [[St. James Davis chimpanzee attack|mauled by two escaped chimpanzees]] while he and his wife were celebrating the birthday of their former pet chimpanzee.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-03-04-chimp-attack_x.htm |title=Birthday party turns bloody when chimps attack |access-date=27 June 2006 |date=4 March 2005 |work=USA Today |archive-date=24 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524213545/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-03-04-chimp-attack_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The animal within |access-date=27 June 2006 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/23/AR2005052301819.html |date=24 May 2005 |last=Argetsinger |first=A. |newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109144435/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/23/AR2005052301819.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another example of chimpanzees being aggressive toward humans occurred in 2009 in [[Stamford, Connecticut]], when a {{convert|200|lb|adj=on|order=flip|sigfig=1}}, 13-year-old pet chimpanzee named [[Travis (chimpanzee)|Travis]] attacked his owner's friend, who lost her hands, eyes, nose, and part of her [[maxilla]] from the attack.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2009/02/17/2009-02-17_911_tape_captures_chimpanzee_owners_horr-2.html |title=911 tape captures chimpanzee owner's horror as 200-pound ape mauls friend |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=18 February 2009 |access-date=6 June 2009 |location=New York |first=E. |last=Sandoval |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219200257/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2009/02/17/2009-02-17_911_tape_captures_chimpanzee_owners_horr-2.html |archive-date=19 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gallman |first=S. |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/US/02/17/chimpanzee.attack/ |title=Chimp attack 911 call: 'He's ripping her apart' |publisher=CNN|date=18 February 2009 |access-date=6 June 2009 |archive-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122081946/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/US/02/17/chimpanzee.attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Human immunodeficiency virus===
Two primary classes of [[human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV) infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the more virulent and easily transmitted, and is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world; HIV-2 occurs mostly in west Africa.<ref name="Reeves">{{cite journal |author=Reeves, J. D. |author2=Doms, R. W. |title=Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 |journal=The Journal of General Virology |volume=83 |issue=Pt 6 |pages=1253–65 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12029140 |doi=10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1253 |url=http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12029140 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121228095942/http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12029140 |archive-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |citeseerx=10.1.1.523.5120}}</ref> Both types originated in west and central Africa, jumping from other [[Zoonosis|primates to humans]]. HIV-1 has evolved from a [[simian immunodeficiency virus]] (SIVcpz) found in the subspecies ''P. t. troglodytes'' of southern [[Cameroon]].<ref name="Keele">{{cite journal |last1=Keele |first1=B. F. |display-authors=etal |title=Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1 |journal=Science |volume=313 |issue=5786 |pages=523–526 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16728595 |pmc=2442710 |doi=10.1126/science.1126531 |bibcode=2006Sci...313..523K}}</ref><ref name="Gao">{{cite journal |last=Gao |first=F. |display-authors=etal |title=Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee ''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' |journal=Nature |volume=397 |issue=6718 |pages=436–41 |date=February 1999 |pmid=9989410 |doi=10.1038/17130 |bibcode=1999Natur.397..436G |s2cid=4432185|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Kinshasa]], in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has the greatest genetic diversity of HIV-1 so far discovered, suggesting the virus has been there longer than anywhere else. HIV-2 crossed species from a different strain of HIV, found in the [[sooty mangabey]] monkeys in [[Guinea-Bissau]].<ref name="Reeves"/>